Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Configuration Guide, Release 12.2SR

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Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Configuration Guide, Release 12.2SR

Chapter Title

Memory Leak Detector

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Updated:
January 25, 2008

Chapter: Memory Leak Detector


Memory Leak Detector

Last Updated: December 3, 2010

The Memory Leak Detector feature is a tool that can be used to detect memory leaks on a router that is running Cisco IOS software. The Memory Leak Detector feature is capable of finding leaks in all memory pools, packet buffers, and chunks.

Your software release may not support all the features documented in this module. For the latest feature information and caveats, see the release notes for your platform and software release. To find information about the features documented in this module, and to see a list of the releases in which each feature is supported, see the "Feature Information for Memory Leak Detector" section.

Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and Cisco software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.

Contents

•Prerequisites for Memory Leak Detector

•Restrictions for Memory Leak Detector

•Information About Memory Leak Detector

•How to Use Memory Leak Detector

•Examples for Memory Leak Detector

•Additional References

•Feature Information for Memory Leak Detector

Prerequisites for Memory Leak Detector

•You should have at least a basic familiarity with the Cisco IOS environment and the command-line interface.

•You should have at least a minimal configuration running on your system.

Restrictions for Memory Leak Detector

•You must have your network up and running, with Cisco IOS Release 12.2 or a later release installed.

•Some of the Cisco IOS configuration commands are only available on certain router platforms, and the command syntax may vary on different platforms.

Information About Memory Leak Detector

•Memory Leaks

•Memory Leak Detection

Memory Leaks

Memory leaks are static or dynamic allocations of memory that do not serve any useful purpose. Although technology is available for detection of leaks among statically allocated memory, in this document the focus is on memory allocations that are made dynamically.

Memory Leak Detection

From the detection point of view, leaks among the dynamically allocated memory blocks can be classified into the following three types:

•Type 1 leaks have no references. These blocks of memory can not be accessed.

•Type 2 leaks are part of one or more cycles of allocations but none of the blocks in these cycles is accessible from outside of the cycles. Blocks within each cycle have references to other elements in the cycle(s). An example of a Type 2 leak is a circular list that is not needed anymore. Though individual elements are reachable, the circular list is not reachable.

•Type 3 leaks are accessible or reachable but are not needed, for example, elements in data structures that are not needed anymore. A subclass of Type 3 leaks are those where allocations are made but never written to. You can look for these subclass leaks using the show memory debug reference unused command.

The Memory Leak Detector feature provides the technology to detect Type 1 and Type 2 memory leaks.

The Memory Leak Detector feature works in the following two modes:

•Normal mode—Where memory leak detector uses memory to speed up its operations.

•Low memory mode—Where memory leak detector runs without attempting to allocate memory.

Low memory mode is considerably slower than the normal mode and can handle only blocks. There is no support for chunks in low memory mode. Low memory mode is useful when there is little or no memory available on the router.

The memory leak detector has a simple interface and can be invoked by the command line interface (CLI) at any time to get a report of memory leaks. For testing purposes, you can perform all tests, then invoke memory leak detector to get a report on leaks. If you are interested only in leaks generated by your test cases alone, memory leak detector has an incremental option, which can be enabled at the start of testing. After testing completes, you can get a report on only the leaks that occurred after the incremental option was enabled.

To reduce false alarms, it is mandatory that memory leak detector be invoked multiple times and that only leaks that consistently appear in all reports be interpreted as leaks. This is especially true for packet buffer leaks.

Note When submitting defects based on the reports of memory leak detector, please add "memleak-detection" to the attribute field of the defect report.

Warning Executing memory leak detection commands on a device with a serious memory leak issue may cause loss of connectivity.

How to Use Memory Leak Detector

This section contains the following procedures:

•Displaying Memory Leak Information

•Setting the Memory Debug Incremental Starting Time

•Displaying Memory Leak Information Incrementally

Displaying Memory Leak Information

To display detected memory leak information, complete the task in this section:

SUMMARY STEPS

1. enable

2. show memory debug leaks [chunks | largest | lowmem | summary]

DETAILED STEPS

 
Command or Action
Purpose

Step 1 

enable

Example:

Router> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

•Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2 

show memory debug leaks [chunks | largest | lowmem | summary]

Example:

Router# show memory debug leaks chunks

Invokes normal mode memory leak detection and displays detected memory leaks. Optional keywords are as follows:

•chunks—Invokes normal mode memory leak detection and displays detected memory leaks in chunks.

•largest—Invokes memory leak detection and displays the top ten leaking allocator_pcs and total amount of memory that they have leaked. Additionally, each time this command is invoked it remembers the previous invocation's report and compares it to the current invocation's report.

•lowmem—Invokes low memory mode memory leak detection and displays detected memory leaks. The amount of time taken for analysis is considerably greater than that of normal mode. The output for this command is similar to the show memory debug leaks command.

•summary—Invokes normal mode memory leak detection and displays detected memory leaks based on allocator_pc and then on the size of the block.

Setting the Memory Debug Incremental Starting Time

To set the starting time for incremental analysis of memory leaks, complete the task in this section:

SUMMARY STEPS

1. enable

2. set memory debug incremental starting-time

DETAILED STEPS

 
Command or Action
Purpose

Step 1 

enable

Example:

Router> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

•Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2 

set memory debug incremental starting-time

Example:

Router# set memory debug incremental starting-time

Sets the starting time for incremental analysis to the time when the command is issued. When the starting time is set, only memory allocated after the starting time will be considered for reporting as leaks.

Displaying Memory Leak Information Incrementally

To display memory leak information after a starting time has been established, complete the tasks in this section:

SUMMARY STEPS

1. enable

2. set memory debug incremental starting-time

3. show memory debug incremental {allocations | leaks [lowmem] | status}

DETAILED STEPS

 
Command or Action
Purpose

Step 1 

enable

Example:

Router> enable

Enables privileged EXEC mode.

•Enter your password if prompted.

Step 2 

set memory debug incremental starting-time

Example:

Router# set memory debug incremental starting-time

Sets the starting time for incremental analysis to the time when the command is issued.

Step 3 

show memory debug incremental {allocations | leaks [lowmem]| status}

Example:

Router# show memory debug incremental allocations

•allocations—Displays all the memory blocks that were allocated after the issue of a set memory debug incremental starting-time command. The displayed memory blocks are just memory allocations, they are not necessarily leaks.

•leaks—Displays output similar to the show memory debug leaks command, except that it displays only memory that was leaked after the issue of a set memory debug incremental starting-time command.

•lowmem—Forces memory leak detection to work in low memory mode. The output for this command is similar to the show memory debug leaks command, except that it displays only memory that was leaked after the issue of a set memory debug incremental starting-time command.

–In low memory mode, the analysis time is considerably greater than it is in normal mode.

–You can use this command when you already know that normal mode memory leak detection will fail (perhaps by an unsuccessful previous attempt to invoke normal mode memory leak detection).

•status—Displays whether a starting point for incremental analysis has been set and the elapsed time since then.

Examples for Memory Leak Detector

The following sections provide examples of output from the show memory debug leaks and show memory debug incremental commands:

•Example: show memory debug leaks

•Example: show memory debug leaks chunks

•Example: show memory debug leaks largest

•Example: show memory debug leaks summary

•Example: show memory debug incremental allocations

•Example: show memory debug incremental status

Example: show memory debug leaks

The following example shows output from the show memory debug leaks command with no optional keywords specified: 

Router# show memory debug leaks

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Adding blocks for GD...

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 PCI memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Address    Size   Alloc_pc  PID  Name

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 I/O memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Address    Size   Alloc_pc  PID  Name

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 Processor memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Address    Size   Alloc_pc  PID  Name

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DABD28       80 60616750  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DABD78       80 606167A0  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DCF240       88 605B7E70  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DCF298       96 605B7E98  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DCF2F8       88 605B7EB4  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DCF350       96 605B7EDC  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
63336C28      104 60C67D74  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
63370D58       96 60C656AC  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
633710A0      304 60C656AC  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
63B2BF68       96 60C659D4  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
63BA3FE0    32832 608D2848  104  Audit Process

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
63BB4020    32832 608D2FD8  104  Audit Process

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 Table 1 describes the significant fields shown in the display. 
 
    
   
 
 
   
 
    
 
      
       
       
      
 Table 1 show memory debug leaks Field Descriptions  
 
      
      
      
 
        
        

          Field 
        
 		 
        
        

          Description 
        
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Address 
 		 
       
 Hexadecimal address of the leaked block. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Size 
 		 
       
 Size of the leaked block (in bytes). 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Alloc_pc 
 		 
       
 Address of the system call that allocated the block. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 PID 
 		 
       
 The process identifier of the process that allocated the block. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Name 
 		 
       
 The name of the process that allocated the block. 
 		 
      
 
      
    
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
 
     
    
    
   
 Example: show memory debug leaks chunks 
 
    
   
 The following example shows output from the show memory debug leaks chunks command: 
 
    
   
 
    
Router# show memory debug leaks chunks

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Adding blocks for GD...

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 PCI memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Address    Size   Alloc_pc  PID  Name

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Chunk Elements:

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Address  Size  Parent   Name

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 I/O memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Address    Size   Alloc_pc  PID  Name

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Chunk Elements:

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Address  Size  Parent   Name

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 Processor memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Address    Size   Alloc_pc  PID  Name

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DABD28       80 60616750  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DABD78       80 606167A0  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DCF240       88 605B7E70  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DCF298       96 605B7E98  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DCF2F8       88 605B7EB4  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DCF350       96 605B7EDC  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
63336C28      104 60C67D74  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
63370D58       96 60C656AC  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
633710A0      304 60C656AC  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
63B2BF68       96 60C659D4  -2   Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
63BA3FE0    32832 608D2848  104  Audit Process

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
63BB4020    32832 608D2FD8  104  Audit Process

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Chunk Elements:

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Address  Size  Parent   Name

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62D80DA8    16 62D7BFD0 (Managed Chunk )

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62D80DB8    16 62D7BFD0 (Managed Chunk )

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62D80DC8    16 62D7BFD0 (Managed Chunk )

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62D80DD8    16 62D7BFD0 (Managed Chunk )

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62D80DE8    16 62D7BFD0 (Managed Chunk )

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62E8FD60   216 62E8F888 (IPC Message He)

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 Table 2 describes the significant fields shown in the display. 
 
    
   
 
 
   
 
    
 
      
       
       
      
 Table 2 show memory debug leaks chunks Field Descriptions  
 
      
      
      
 
        
        

          Field 
        
 		 
        
        

          Description 
        
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Address 
 		 
       
 Hexadecimal address of the leaked block. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Size 
 		 
       
 Size of the leaked block (in bytes). 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Alloc_pc 
 		 
       
 Address of the system call that allocated the block. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 PID 
 		 
       
 The process identifier of the process that allocated the block. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Name 
 		 
       
 The name of the process that allocated the block. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Size 
 		 
       
 (Chunk Elements) Size of the leaked element (bytes). 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Parent 
 		 
       
 (Chunk Elements) Parent chunk of the leaked chunk. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Name 
 		 
       
 (Chunk Elements) The name of the leaked chunk. 
 		 
      
 
      
    
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
 
     
    
    
   
 Example: show memory debug leaks largest 
 
    
   
 The following example shows output from the show memory debug leaks largest command: 
 
    
   
 
    
Router# show memory debug leaks largest

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Adding blocks for GD...

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 PCI memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Alloc_pc    total leak size

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 I/O memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Alloc_pc    total leak size

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 Processor memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Alloc_pc    total leak size

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
608D2848    32776     inconclusive

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
608D2FD8    32776     inconclusive

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
60C656AC    288       inconclusive

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
60C67D74    48        inconclusive

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
605B7E98    40        inconclusive

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
605B7EDC    40        inconclusive

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
60C659D4    40        inconclusive

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
605B7E70    32        inconclusive

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
605B7EB4    32        inconclusive

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
60616750    24        inconclusive

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 The following example shows output from the second invocation of the show memory debug leaks largest command: 
 
    
   
 
    
Router# show memory debug leaks largest

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Adding blocks for GD...

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 PCI memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Alloc_pc    total leak size

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 I/O memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Alloc_pc    total leak size

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 Processor memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Alloc_pc    total leak size

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
608D2848    32776

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
608D2FD8    32776

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
60C656AC    288

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
60C67D74    48

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
605B7E98    40

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
605B7EDC    40

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
60C659D4    40

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
605B7E70    32

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
605B7EB4    32

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
60616750    24

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
     
    
    
   
 Example: show memory debug leaks summary 
 
    
   
 The following example shows output from the show memory debug leaks summary command: 
 
    
   
 
    
Router# show memory debug leaks summary

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Adding blocks for GD...

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 PCI memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Alloc PC        Size     Blocks      Bytes    What

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 I/O memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Alloc PC        Size     Blocks      Bytes    What

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
                 Processor memory

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Alloc PC        Size     Blocks      Bytes    What

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x605B7E70 0000000032 0000000001 0000000032    Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x605B7E98 0000000040 0000000001 0000000040    Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x605B7EB4 0000000032 0000000001 0000000032    Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x605B7EDC 0000000040 0000000001 0000000040    Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x60616750 0000000024 0000000001 0000000024    Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x606167A0 0000000024 0000000001 0000000024    Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x608D2848 0000032776 0000000001 0000032776    Audit Process

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x608D2FD8 0000032776 0000000001 0000032776    Audit Process

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x60C656AC 0000000040 0000000001 0000000040    Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x60C656AC 0000000248 0000000001 0000000248    Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x60C659D4 0000000040 0000000001 0000000040    Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
0x60C67D74 0000000048 0000000001 0000000048    Init

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 Table 3 describes the significant fields shown in the display. 
 
    
   
 
 
   
 
    
 
      
       
       
      
 Table 3 show memory debug leaks summary Field Descriptions  
 
      
      
      
 
        
        

          Field 
        
 		 
        
        

          Description 
        
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Alloc PC 
 		 
       
 Address of the system call that allocated the block. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Size 
 		 
       
 Size of the leaked block. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Blocks 
 		 
       
 Number of blocks leaked. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Bytes 
 		 
       
 Total amount of memory leaked. 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 What 
 		 
       
 Name of the process that owns the block. 
 		 
      
 
      
    
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
 
     
    
    
   
 Example: show memory debug incremental allocations 
 
    
   
 The following example shows output from the show memory debug incremental command when entered with the allocations keyword: 
 
    
   
 
    
Router# show memory debug incremental allocations

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Address    Size   Alloc_pc  PID  Name

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DA4E98      176 608CDC7C  44   CDP Protocol

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DA4F48       88 608CCCC8  44   CDP Protocol

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DA4FA0       88 606224A0  3    Exec

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
62DA4FF8       96 606224A0  3    Exec

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
635BF040       96 606224A0  3    Exec

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
63905E50      200 606A4DA4  69   Process Events

 
   
 
     
    
    
   
 Example: show memory debug incremental status 
 
    
   
 The following example shows output from the show memory debug incremental command entered with the status keyword: 
 
    
   
 
    
Router# show memory debug incremental status

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Incremental debugging is enabled

 
   
 
    
   
 
    
Time elapsed since start of incremental debugging: 00:00:10

 
   
 
     
    
    
   
 Additional References 
 
    
   
 The following sections provide references related to Memory Leak Detector. 
 
     
    
    
   
 Related Documents
 
   
 
    
 
      
      
      
 
        
        

          Related Topic 
        
 		 
        
        

          Document Title 
        
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Cisco IOS commands 
 		 
       
 Cisco IOS Master Commands List, All Releases 
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Cisco IOS configuration commands 
 		 
       
 Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference 
 		 
      
 
      
    
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
 
     
    
   
 Standards
 
   
 
    
 
      
      
      
 
        
        

          Standards 
        
 		 
        
        

          Title 
        
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 No new or modified standards are supported by this feature, and support for existing standards has not been modified by this feature. 
 		 
       
 — 
 		 
      
 
      
    
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
 
     
    
    
   
 MIBs
 
   
 
    
 
      
      
      
 
        
        

          MIBs 
        
 		 
        
        

          MIBs Link 
        
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 No new or modified MIBs are supported by this feature, and support for existing MIBs has not been modified by this feature. 
 		 
       
 To locate and download MIBs for selected platforms, Cisco IOS releases, and feature sets, use Cisco MIB Locator found at the following URL: 
 
 http://www.cisco.com/go/mibs 
 		 
      
 
      
    
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
 
     
    
    
   
 RFCs
 
   
 
    
 
      
      
      
 
        
        

          RFCs 
        
 		 
        
        

          Title 
        
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 No new or modified RFCs are supported by this feature, and support for existing RFCs has not been modified by this feature. 
 		 
       
 — 
 		 
      
 
      
    
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
 
     
    
    
   
 Technical Assistance
 
   
 
    
 
      
      
      
 
        
        

          Description 
        
 		 
        
        

          Link 
        
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Technical Assistance Center (TAC) home page, containing 30,000 pages of searchable technical content, including links to products, technologies, solutions, technical tips, and tools. Registered Cisco.com users can log in from this page to access even more content. 
 		 
       
 http://www.cisco.com/public/support/tac/home.shtml 
 		 
      
 
      
    
 
   
 
   
 
   
  
 
     
    
    
   
 Feature Information for Memory Leak Detector 
 
    
   
 Table 4 lists the release history for this feature. 
 
    
   
 Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and software image support. Cisco Feature Navigator enables you to determine which software images support a specific software release, feature set, or platform. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required. 
 
   
 
     
   
 
   
 
    
   
 Note Table 4 lists only the software release that introduced support for a given feature in a given software release train. Unless noted otherwise, subsequent releases of that software release train also support that feature. 
 
   
 
    
   
 
 
   
 
    
 
      
       
       
      
 Table 4 Feature Information for Memory Leak Detector  
 
      
      
      
 
        
        

          Feature Name 
        
 		 
        
        

          Releases 
        
 		 
        
        

          Feature Information 
        
 		 
      
 
      
 
       
 Memory Leak Detector 
 		 
       
 12.3(8)T1
12.2(25)S 
 		 
       
 The Memory Leak Detector feature is a tool that can be used to detect memory leaks on a router that is running Cisco IOS software. The Memory Leak Detector feature is capable of finding leaks in all memory pools, packet buffers, and chunks. 
 		 
      
 
      
    
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
 
    
   
 
    
   
 Cisco and the Cisco Logo are trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the U.S. and other countries. A listing of Cisco's trademarks can be found at www.cisco.com/go/trademarks. Third party trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company. (1005R) 
 
    
    
    
   
 Any Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and phone numbers used in this document are not intended to be actual addresses and phone numbers. Any examples, command display output, network topology diagrams, and other figures included in the document are shown for illustrative purposes only. Any use of actual IP addresses or phone numbers in illustrative content is unintentional and coincidental. 
 
    
    
    
   
 © 2007-2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 
 
    
   


 
 
    

    

        

















    

        

    
    
    




















  
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