明确Firepower威胁防御访问控制策略规则操作

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已更新: 2021 年 4 月 4 日

文档 ID:212321

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简介

本文档介绍Firepower威胁防御(FTD)访问控制策略(ACP)和预过滤器策略上的各种可用操作。此外，还将检查每个操作的后台操作及其与其他功能（如流分流和打开辅助连接的协议）的交互。

先决条件

要求

Cisco 建议您了解以下主题：

流分流
Firepower威胁防御(FTD)设备上的数据包捕获
在FTD设备上使用Packet Tracer和Capture with trace选项

使用的组件

本文档中的信息基于以下软件和硬件版本：

思科Firepower 4110威胁防御版本6.4.0（版本113）和6.6.0（版本90）
Firepower管理中心(FMC)版本6.4.0（版本113）和6.6.0（版本90）

本文档中的信息都是基于特定实验室环境中的设备编写的。本文档中使用的所有设备最初均采用原始（默认）配置。如果您的网络处于活动状态，请确保您了解所有命令的潜在影响。

背景信息

FTD是由两个主引擎组成的统一软件映像：

LINA引擎
Snort引擎

此图显示了两个引擎如何交互：

数据包进入入口接口，由LINA引擎处理
如果FTD策略需要，Snort引擎会检查数据包
Snort引擎为数据包返回判定（白名单或黑名单）
LINA引擎根据Snort的判定丢弃或转发数据包

ACP的部署方式

当使用开箱（远程）管理时，FTD策略在FMC上配置；当使用本地管理时，FTD策略在Firepower设备管理器(FDM)上配置。在这两种情况下，ACP都部署为：

FTD LINA引擎的全局访问控制列表(ACL)，命名为CSM_FW_ACL_
/ngfw/var/sf/detection_engines/<UUID>/ngfw.rules文件中的访问控制(AC)规则到FTD Snort引擎

配置

ACP可用操作

FTD ACP包含一个或多个规则，每个规则可以具有以下操作之一，如图所示：

允许
信任
监控
阻止
阻止并重置
交互式块
带重置的交互式阻止

同样，预过滤器策略可以包含一个或多个规则，并且可能的操作显示在图中：

ACP和预过滤器策略如何交互

预过滤器策略在6.1版中引入，用于2个主要用途：

它允许检查隧道流量，其中FTD LINA引擎检查外部IP报头，而Snort引擎检查内部IP报头。更具体地说，在隧道流量（例如GRE）的情况下，预过滤器策略中的规则始终对外部报头进行操作，而ACP中的规则始终适用于内部会话（内部报头）。隧道流量是指以下协议：

GRE
IP-in-IP
IPv6-in-IP
Teredo端口3544

它提供早期访问控制(EAC)，允许流完全绕过Snort引擎，如图所示。

预过滤器规则作为L3/L4访问控制元素(ACE)部署在FTD上，并放置在ACP配置的L3/L4 ACE上方，如图所示：

注意：预过滤器v/s ACP规则=应用第一个匹配。

ACP阻止操作

考虑图中所示的拓扑：

场景1.提前LINA丢弃

ACP包含使用L4条件（目标端口TCP 80）的阻止规则，如图所示：

Snort中部署的策略：

268435461 deny any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 80 any 6

LINA中的已部署策略。请注意，该规则被推送为拒绝操作：

firepower# show access-list
…
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L4 RULE: Rule1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced deny tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-start (hitcnt=0) 0x6149c43c

验证行为：

当主机A(192.168.1.40)尝试打开与主机B(192.168.2.40)的HTTP会话时，FTD LINA引擎会丢弃TCP同步(SYN)数据包，而不会到达Snort引擎或目标：

firepower# show capture
capture CAPI type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface INSIDE [Capturing - 430 bytes]
  match ip host 192.168.1.40 any
capture CAPO type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface OUTSIDE [Capturing - 0 bytes]
  match ip host 192.168.1.40 any

firepower# show capture CAPI
   1: 11:08:09.672801  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4060517 0>
   2: 11:08:12.672435  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4063517 0>
   3: 11:08:18.672847  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4069517 0>
   4: 11:08:30.673610  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4081517 0>

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 1 trace
   1: 11:08:09.672801  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4060517 0>
...

Phase: 4
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Subtype: log
Result: DROP
Config:
access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced deny tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-start
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: L4 RULE: Rule1
Additional Information:   
                             <- No Additional Information = No Snort Inspection

Result:
input-interface: INSIDE
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
output-interface: OUTSIDE
output-status: up
output-line-status: up
Action: drop
Drop-reason: (acl-drop) Flow is denied by configured rule

场景2.由于Snort判定而丢弃

ACP包含使用L7条件（应用HTTP）的阻止规则，如图所示：

Snort中部署的策略：

268435461 deny any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any  (appid 676:1)

Appid 676:1 = HTTP

LINA中的已部署策略。

注意：由于LINA无法确定会话使用HTTP，因此将规则作为允许操作推送。在FTD上，应用检测机制是在Snort引擎中。

firepower# show access-list
…
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L7 RULE: Rule1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461 (hitcnt=0) 0xb788b786

对于使用Application作为条件的块规则，实际数据包的跟踪显示，由于Snort引擎判定，会话被LINA丢弃。

注意：为了使Snort引擎确定应用，它必须检查几个数据包（通常为3-10，这取决于应用解码器）。因此，允许通过FTD的一些数据包到达目的地。允许的数据包仍要根据Access Policy > Advanced > 'Intrusion Policy used before Access Control rule已确定'选项进行入侵策略检查。

验证行为：

当主机A(192.168.1.40)尝试与主机B(192.168.2.40)建立HTTP会话时，LINA入口捕获显示：

firepower# show capture CAPI

8 packets captured

   1: 11:31:19.825564  192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 357753151:357753151(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5450579 0>
   2: 11:31:19.826403  192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 1283931030:1283931030(0) ack 357753152 win 2896 <mss 1380,sackOK,timestamp 5449236 5450579>
   3: 11:31:19.826556  192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5450580 5449236>
   4: 11:31:20.026899  192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5450781 5449236>
   5: 11:31:20.428887  192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5451183 5449236>
 ...

出口捕获：

firepower# show capture CAPO

5 packets captured

   1: 11:31:19.825869  192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 1163713179:1163713179(0) win 2920 <mss 1380,sackOK,timestamp 5450579 0>
   2: 11:31:19.826312  192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5449236 5450579>
   3: 11:31:23.426049  192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5452836 5450579>
   4: 11:31:29.426430  192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5458836 5450579>
   5: 11:31:41.427208  192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5470836 5450579>

跟踪显示，由于应用检测判定挂起，Snort允许第一个数据包(TCP SYN):

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 1 trace
   1: 11:31:19.825564  192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 357753151:357753151(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5450579 0>
...

Phase: 4
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Subtype: log
Result: ALLOW
Config:
access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: L7 RULE: Rule1
Additional Information:
 This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached
...
Phase: 10
Type: FLOW-CREATION
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
New flow created with id 23194, packet dispatched to next module
…
Phase: 12
Type: SNORT
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
Snort Trace:
Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 357753151
AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0
Firewall: pending rule-matching, id 268435461, pending AppID
NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS
Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet

Result:
input-interface: OUTSIDE
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
output-interface: OUTSIDE
output-status: up
output-line-status: up
Action: allow

TCP SYN/ACK数据包的相同：

firepower# show capture CAPO packet-number 2 trace
   2: 11:31:19.826312 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5449236 5450579>
…

Phase: 3
Type: FLOW-LOOKUP
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
Found flow with id 23194, using existing flow
…

Phase: 5
Type: SNORT
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
Snort Trace:
Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 1283931030, ack 357753152
AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0
Firewall: pending rule-matching, id 268435461, pending AppID
NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS
Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet

Result:
input-interface: INSIDE
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
output-interface: INSIDE
output-status: up
output-line-status: up
Action: allow

检查第三个数据包后，Snort返回DROP判定：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 3 trace
   3: 11:31:19.826556  192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5450580 5449236>

Phase: 3
Type: FLOW-LOOKUP
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
Found flow with id 23194, using existing flow

Phase: 5
Type: SNORT
Subtype:
Result: DROP
Config:
Additional Information:
Snort Trace:
Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 357753152, ack 1283931031
AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0)
Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, url http://192.168.2.40/128k.html
Firewall: block rule, id 268435461, drop
Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop
NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLACKLIST, Blocked by Firewall
Snort Verdict: (black-list) black list this flow

Result:
input-interface: INSIDE
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
Action: drop
Drop-reason: (firewall) Blocked or blacklisted by the firewall preprocessor

您还可以从FTD CLISH模式运行命令system support trace。此工具提供2个功能：

显示每个数据包发送到数据采集库(DAQ)并在LINA中看到时的Snort判定。DAQ是位于FTD LINA引擎和Snort引擎之间的组件
允许同时运行系统支持防火墙引擎调试，以查看Snort引擎本身发生的情况

以下是输出：

> system support trace

Please specify an IP protocol: tcp
Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.1.40
Please specify a client port:
Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.2.40
Please specify a server port:
Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y
Monitoring packet tracer debug messages

Tracing enabled by Lina
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 2620409313
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 New session
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Starting with minimum 2, 'Rule1', and SrcZone first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, inline sgt tag: untagged, ISE sgt id: 0, svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 pending rule order 2, 'Rule1', AppID
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: pending rule-matching, 'Rule1', pending AppID
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS
Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS

Tracing enabled by Lina
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 3700371680, ack 2620409314
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Starting with minimum 2, 'Rule1', and SrcZone first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, inline sgt tag: untagged, ISE sgt id: 0, svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 pending rule order 2, 'Rule1', AppID
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: pending rule-matching, 'Rule1', pending AppID
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS
Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS

Tracing enabled by Lina
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 2620409314, ack 3700371681
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0)
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Starting with minimum 2, 'Rule1', and SrcZone first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, inline sgt tag: untagged, ISE sgt id: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 686, misc 0, user 9999997, url http://192.168.2.40/128k.html, xff
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, url http://192.168.2.40/128k.html
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 match rule order 2, 'Rule1', action Block
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 deny action
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: block rule, 'Rule1', drop
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Deleting session
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLACKLIST
192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 ===> Blocked by Firewall

摘要

ACP阻止操作在LINA中部署为允许或拒绝规则，这取决于规则条件
如果条件为L3/L4，则LINA会阻止数据包。如果使用TCP，则阻止第一个数据包(TCP SYN)
如果条件为L7，则数据包将转发到Snort引擎以进一步检查。对于TCP，在Snort达到判定之前，允许通过FTD的一些数据包。允许的数据包仍要根据Access Policy > Advanced > 'Intrusion Policy used before Access Control rule已确定'选项进行入侵策略检查。

ACP阻止和重置操作

在FMC UI上配置了具有剩余规则的块：

Block with reset规则作为允许在FTD LINA引擎上部署，而Snort引擎作为重置规则部署到：

firepower# show access-list
…
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438864 (hitcnt=0) 0xba785fc0
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 11 remark rule-id 268438865: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 12 remark rule-id 268438865: L7 RULE: Block-RST_Rule2
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.51 rule-id 268438865 (hitcnt=0) 0x622350d0

Snort引擎：

admin@firepower:~$ cat /var/sf/detection_engines/9e080e5c-adc3-11ea-9d37-44884cf7e9ba/ngfw.rules
…
# Start of AC rule.
268438864 reset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.50 32 80 any 6
# End rule 268438864
268438865 reset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.51 32 any any any (appid 676:1) (ip_protos 6, 17)
# End rule 268438865

当数据包与Block with reset规则匹配时，FTD会发送TCP Reset数据包或ICMP Type 3 Code 13 Destination Unreachable(Administratively filtered)消息：

root@kali:~/tests# wget 192.168.11.50/file1.zip
--2020-06-20 22:48:10--  http://192.168.11.50/file1.zip
Connecting to 192.168.11.50:80... failed: Connection refused.

以下是在FTD入口接口上捕获的捕获：

firepower# show capture CAPI
2 packets captured 
1: 21:01:00.977259 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.41986 > 192.168.11.50.80: S 3120295488:3120295488(0) win 29200 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 3740873275 0,nop,wscale 7> 
2: 21:01:00.978114 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.41986: R 0:0(0) ack 3120295489 win 0 2 packets shown

在本例中，系统支持跟踪输出显示数据包因Snort判定而被丢弃：

> system support trace

Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y
Please specify an IP protocol: tcp
Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.50
Please specify a client port:
Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50
Please specify a server port:
Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages


192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 3387496622
192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session
192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 new firewall session
192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 using HW or preset rule order 2, 'Block-RST-Rule1', action Reset and prefilter rule 0
192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 HitCount data sent for rule id: 268438864,
192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 reset action
192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 deleting firewall session flags = 0x0, fwFlags = 0x0
192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: block w/ reset rule, 'Block-RST-Rule1', drop
192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop
192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 9, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLACKLIST
192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 ===> Blocked by Firewall
Verdict reason is sent to DAQ

使用案例

与阻止操作相同，但会立即终止连接。

ACP允许操作

场景1. ACP允许操作（L3/L4条件）

通常，您会配置允许规则以指定其他检查，如入侵策略和/或文件策略。第一个场景演示了应用L3/L4条件时允许规则的操作。

请考虑此拓扑，如图所示：

应用此策略如图所示：

Snort中已部署的策略。请注意，该规则部署为允许操作：

# Start of AC rule.
268435461 allow any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 80 any 6

LINA的政策。

注意：该规则部署为允许操作，实质上意味着重定向到Snort进行进一步检查。

firepower# show access-list
…
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L7 RULE: Rule1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268435461 (hitcnt=1) 0x641a20c3

要查看匹配Allow规则的流如何由FTD处理，有几种方法：

验证Snort统计信息
使用系统支持跟踪CLISH工具
在LINA中使用带跟踪选项的捕获，在Snort引擎中使用可选的捕获流量

LINA捕获与Snort捕获流量：

验证行为：

清除Snort统计信息，从CLISH启用系统支持跟踪，并从主机A(192.168.1.40)向主机B(192.168.2.40)发起HTTP流。所有数据包都转发到Snort引擎，并由Snort获取PASS判定：

firepower# clear snort statistics

> system support trace

Please specify an IP protocol:
Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.1.40
Please specify a client port:
Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.2.40
Please specify a server port:
Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]:
Monitoring packet tracer debug messages

Tracing enabled by Lina
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 361134402
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: allow rule, 'Rule1', allow
192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS
Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS

Tracing enabled by Lina
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 1591434735, ack 361134403
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: allow rule, 'Rule1', allow
192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS
Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS

Tracing enabled by Lina
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 361134403, ack 1591434736
192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0)
192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: allow rule, 'Rule1', allow
192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

Snort统计信息反映上述Snort PASS判定：

> show snort statistics

Packet Counters:
  Passed Packets                                           54
  Blocked Packets                                           0
  Injected Packets                                          0
  Packets bypassed (Snort Down)                             0
  Packets bypassed (Snort Busy)                             0

Flow Counters:
  Fast-Forwarded Flows                                      0
  Blacklisted Flows                                         0
...

Passed Packets = Snort引擎检查

场景2. ACP允许操作（L3-7条件）

当按如下方式部署Allow规则时，会看到类似行为。

仅L3/L4条件，如图所示：

L7条件（例如入侵策略、文件策略、应用等），如图所示：

摘要

总而言之，如图所示，当匹配“允许”规则时，FTD在FP4100/9300上部署如何处理流：

注意：管理输入输出(MIO)是Firepower机箱的管理引擎。

场景3. Snort快速转发判定，允许

有些特定场景中，FTD Snort引擎提供WHITELIST判定（快速转发），其余流被卸载到LINA引擎（在某些情况下，随后被卸载到硬件加速器 — SmartNIC）。即：

未配置SSL策略的SSL流量
智能应用旁路(IAB)

以上内容可视化为：

或在某些情况下：

要点

允许规则在Snort中部署为允许，在LINA中部署
在大多数情况下，会话的所有数据包都会转发到Snort引擎进行其他检查

使用案例

当需要Snort引擎进行L7检测时，应配置允许规则，例如：

入侵策略
文件策略

ACP信任操作

场景1. ACP信任操作

如果您不想在Snort级别应用高级L7检测（例如入侵策略、文件策略、网络发现），但仍想使用安全情报(SI)、身份策略、QoS等功能，则建议在规则中使用信任操作。

拓扑：

已配置的策略：

在FTD Snort引擎中部署的信任规则：

# Start of AC rule.
268438858 fastpath any 192.168.10.50 31 any any 192.168.11.50 31 80 any 6 (log dcforward flowend)

注意：数字6是协议(TCP)。

FTD LINA中的规则：

firepower# show access-list | i 268438858
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 17 remark rule-id 268438858: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 18 remark rule-id 268438858: L7 RULE: trust_L3-L4
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp object-group FMC_INLINE_src_rule_268438858 object-group FMC_INLINE_dst_rule_268438858 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=19) 0x29588b4f
  access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.50 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=19) 0x9d442895
  access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.50 host 192.168.11.51 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=0) 0xd026252b
  access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.51 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=0) 0x0d785cc4
  access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.51 host 192.168.11.51 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=0) 0x3b3234f1

验证：

启用系统支持跟踪并从主机A(192.168.10.50)启动到主机B(192.168.11.50)的HTTP会话。有3个数据包转发到Snort引擎。Snort引擎将WHITELIST判定发送到LINA，该判定实质上将流的其余部分卸载到LINA引擎：

> system support trace

Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y
Please specify an IP protocol: tcp
Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.50
Please specify a client port:
Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50
Please specify a server port: 80
Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages

192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 453426648
192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session
192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 new firewall session
192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 using HW or preset rule order 5, 'trust_L3-L4', action Trust and prefilter rule 0
192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 HitCount data sent for rule id: 268438858,
192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, 'trust_L3-L4', allow
192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 2, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 2820426532, ack 453426649
192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, 'trust_L3-L4', allow
192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 2, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 453426649, ack 2820426533
192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, 'trust_L3-L4', allow
192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 2, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict WHITELIST

连接终止后，Snort引擎从LINA引擎获取元数据信息并删除会话：

192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 Got end of flow event from hardware with flags 00010001. Rule Match Data: rule_id 0, rule_action 0 rev_id 0, rule_flags 3
192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 Logging EOF for event from hardware with rule_id = 268438858 ruleAction = 3 ruleReason = 0
192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 : Received EOF, deleting the snort session.

192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: deleting snort session, reason: timeout
192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 deleting firewall session flags = 0x10003, fwFlags = 0x1115
192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: deleted snort session using 0 bytes; protocol id:(-1) : LWstate 0xf LWFlags 0x6007

Snort捕获显示了3个转到Snort引擎的数据包：

> capture-traffic

Please choose domain to capture traffic from:
  0 - management0
  1 - management1
  2 - Global

Selection? 2

Please specify tcpdump options desired.
(or enter '?' for a list of supported options)
Options: -n vlan and (host 192.168.10.50 and host 192.168.11.50)
10:26:16.525928 IP 192.168.10.50.42144 > 192.168.11.50.80: Flags [S], seq 3065553465, win 29200, options [mss 1380,sackOK,TS val 3789188468 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0
10:26:16.525928 IP 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42144: Flags [S.], seq 3581351172, ack 3065553466, win 8192, options [mss 1380,nop,wscale 8,sackOK,TS val 57650410 ecr 3789188468], length 0
10:26:16.525928 IP 192.168.10.50.42144 > 192.168.11.50.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 3789188470 ecr 57650410], length 0

LINA捕获显示通过它的流：

firepower# show capture CAPI

437 packets captured

   1: 09:51:19.431007  802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42118 > 192.168.11.50.80: S 2459891187:2459891187(0) win 29200 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 3787091387 0,nop,wscale 7>
   2: 09:51:19.431648  802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42118: S 2860907367:2860907367(0) ack 2459891188 win 8192 <mss 1380,nop,wscale 8,sackOK,timestamp 57440579 3787091387>
   3: 09:51:19.431847  802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42118 > 192.168.11.50.80: . ack 2860907368 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3787091388 57440579>
   4: 09:51:19.431953  802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42118 > 192.168.11.50.80: P 2459891188:2459891337(149) ack 2860907368 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3787091388 57440579>
   5: 09:51:19.444816  802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42118: . 2860907368:2860908736(1368) ack 2459891337 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 57440580 3787091388>
   6: 09:51:19.444831  802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42118: . 2860908736:2860910104(1368) ack 2459891337 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 57440580 3787091388>

…

跟踪来自LINA的数据包是查看Snort判定的另一种方式。第一个数据包得到PASS判定：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 1 trace | i Type|Verdict
Type: CAPTURE
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Type: ROUTE-LOOKUP
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Type: CONN-SETTINGS
Type: NAT
Type: NAT
Type: IP-OPTIONS
Type: CAPTURE
Type: CAPTURE
Type: NAT
Type: CAPTURE
Type: NAT
Type: IP-OPTIONS
Type: CAPTURE
Type: FLOW-CREATION
Type: EXTERNAL-INSPECT
Type: SNORT
Snort id 22, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS
Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet
Type: INPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP-FROM-OUTPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP
Type: ADJACENCY-LOOKUP
Type: CAPTURE

OUTSIDE接口上TCP SYN/ACK数据包的跟踪：

firepower# show capture CAPO packet-number 2 trace | i Type|Verdict
Type: CAPTURE
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Type: FLOW-LOOKUP
Type: EXTERNAL-INSPECT
Type: SNORT
Snort id 22, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS
Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet
Type: INPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP-FROM-OUTPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP
Type: ADJACENCY-LOOKUP
Type: CAPTURE

TCP ACK获取WHITELIST判定：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 3 trace | i Type|Verdict
Type: CAPTURE
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Type: FLOW-LOOKUP
Type: EXTERNAL-INSPECT
Type: SNORT
Snort id 22, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict WHITELIST
Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow
Type: CAPTURE

这是Snort判定(数据包#3)的完整输出

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 3 trace | b Type: SNORT
Type: SNORT
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
Snort Trace:
Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 687485179, ack 1029625865
AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, id 268438858, allow
Snort id 31, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict WHITELIST
Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow

第4个数据包不会转发到Snort引擎，因为判定由LINA引擎缓存：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 4 trace

441 packets captured

   4: 10:34:02.741523       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42158 > 192.168.11.50.80: P 164375589:164375738(149) ack 3008397532 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3789654678 57697031>
Phase: 1
Type: CAPTURE
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
MAC Access list

Phase: 2
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Implicit Rule
Additional Information:
MAC Access list

Phase: 3
Type: FLOW-LOOKUP
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
Found flow with id 1254, using existing flow

Phase: 4
Type: SNORT
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow

Result:
input-interface: INSIDE(vrfid:0)
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
Action: allow


1 packet shown

Snort统计信息确认：

firepower# show snort statistics

Packet Counters:
  Passed Packets                                                      2
  Blocked Packets                                                     0
  Injected Packets                                                    0
  Packets bypassed (Snort Down)                                       0
  Packets bypassed (Snort Busy)                                       0

Flow Counters:
  Fast-Forwarded Flows                                                1
  Blacklisted Flows                                                   0

Miscellaneous Counters:
  Start-of-Flow events                                                0
  End-of-Flow events                                                  1
  Denied flow events                                                  0
  Frames forwarded to Snort before drop                               0
  Inject packets dropped                                              0

使用信任规则的数据包流。Snort会检查一些数据包，其余数据包由LINA检查：

场景2. ACP信任操作（无SI、QoS和身份策略）

如果希望FTD将安全情报(SI)检查应用于所有流，则SI已在ACP级别启用，并且您可以指定SI源（TALOS、源、列表等）。另一方面，如果要禁用它，可以按ACP全局禁用SI，按URL禁用SI，按DNS禁用SI。网络和URL的SI被禁用，如图所示：

在这种情况下，信任规则作为信任部署到LINA:

> show access-list
...
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L4 RULE: Rule1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced trust ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-end (hitcnt=0) 0x5c1346d6

注意：从6.2.2开始，FTD支持TID。TID的工作方式与SI类似，但是，如果SI被禁用，它不会“强制”数据包重定向到Snort引擎以进行TID检测。

验证行为

从主机A(192.168.1.40)向主机B(192.168.2.40)发起HTTP会话。由于这是FP4100，并支持硬件中的流分流，因此会发生以下情况：

一些数据包通过FTD LINA引擎转发，其余的数据流被分流到SmartNIC（硬件加速器）
没有数据包转发到Snort引擎

FTD LINA连接表显示标志“o”，表示流被分流到HW。另外，请注意“N”标志的缺失。这实质上意味着“无Snort重定向”：

firepower# show conn
1 in use, 15 most used

TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:80 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:32809, idle 0:00:00, bytes 949584, flags UIOo

Snort统计信息仅显示会话开始和结束时的日志记录事件：

firepower# show snort statistics

Packet Counters:
  Passed Packets                                            0
  Blocked Packets                                           0
  Injected Packets                                          0
  Packets bypassed (Snort Down)                             0
  Packets bypassed (Snort Busy)                             0

Flow Counters:
  Fast-Forwarded Flows                                      0
  Blacklisted Flows                                         0

Miscellaneous Counters:
  Start-of-Flow events                                      1
  End-of-Flow events                                        1

FTD LINA日志显示，对于每个会话，有2个流（每个方向一个）被分流到HW:

Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-7-609001: Built local-host INSIDE:192.168.1.40
Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-302013: Built inbound TCP connection 25384 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80)
Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 25384 from INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80)
Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 25384 from OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) to INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809)
Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805002: TCP Flow is no longer offloaded for connection 25384 from OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) to INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809)
Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805002: TCP Flow is no longer offloaded for connection 25384 from INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80)
Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-302014: Teardown TCP connection 25384 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 duration 0:00:00 bytes 1055048 TCP FINs
Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-7-609002: Teardown local-host INSIDE:192.168.1.40 duration 0:00:00

在LINA中部署为信任操作且带有信任规则的数据包流。LINA会检查一些数据包，其余数据包被卸载到SmartNIC(FP4100/FP9300):

使用案例

当您只希望Snort引擎检查几个数据包（例如应用检测、SI检查）和其余流量卸载到LINA引擎时，必须使用Trust操作
如果在FP4100/9300上使用FTD并希望流完全绕过Snort检查，则考虑使用快速路径操作的预过滤器规则（请参阅本文档的相关部分）

预过滤器策略阻止操作

请考虑图中所示的拓扑：

另请考虑如图所示的策略：

这是FTD Snort引擎（ngfw.rules文件）中部署的策略：

# Start of tunnel and priority rules.
# These rules are evaluated by LINA. Only tunnel tags are used from the matched rule id.
268437506 deny any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any  (tunnel -1

在LINA:

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 1 remark rule-id 268437506: PREFILTER POLICY: FTD_Prefilter
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 2 remark rule-id 268437506: RULE: Prefilter1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced deny ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268437506 event-log flow-start (hitcnt=0) 0x76476240

当您跟踪虚拟数据包时，它显示数据包被LINA丢弃，并且从不转发到Snort:

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40
…
Phase: 4
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Subtype: log
Result: DROP
Config:
access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced deny ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268437506 event-log flow-start
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268437506: PREFILTER POLICY: FTD_Prefilter
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268437506: RULE: Prefilter1
Additional Information:

Result:
input-interface: INSIDE
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
output-interface: OUTSIDE
output-status: up
output-line-status: up
Action: drop
Drop-reason: (acl-drop) Flow is denied by configured rule

Snort统计信息显示：

firepower# show snort statistics

Packet Counters:
  Passed Packets                                            0
  Blocked Packets                                           0
  Injected Packets                                          0
  Packets bypassed (Snort Down)                             0
  Packets bypassed (Snort Busy)                             0

Flow Counters:
  Fast-Forwarded Flows                                      0
  Blacklisted Flows                                         0

Miscellaneous Counters:
  Start-of-Flow events                                      0
  End-of-Flow events                                        0
  Denied flow events                                        1

LINA ASP丢弃显示：

firepower# show asp drop

Frame drop:
  Flow is denied by configured rule (acl-drop)                1

使用案例

当要根据L3/L4条件阻止流量且无需对流量执行任何Snort检测时，可以使用预过滤器阻止规则。

预过滤器策略快速路径操作

考虑预过滤器策略规则，如图所示：

以下是FTD Snort引擎中部署的策略：

268437506 fastpath any any any any any any any any (log dcforward flowend) (tunnel -1)

在FTD LINA中：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 1 remark rule-id 268437506: PREFILTER POLICY: FTD_Prefilter
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 2 remark rule-id 268437506: RULE: Prefilter1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced trust tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268437506 event-log flow-end (hitcnt=0) 0xf3410b6f

验证行为

当主机A(192.168.1.40)尝试打开与主机B(192.168.2.40)的HTTP会话时，一些数据包会通过LINA，其余数据包会分流到SmartNIC。在这种情况下，启用了firewall-engine-debug的系统支持跟踪显示：

> system support trace

Please specify an IP protocol: tcp
Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.1.40
Please specify a client port:
Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.2.40
Please specify a server port:
Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y
Monitoring packet tracer debug messages

192.168.1.40-32840 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 8 Got end of flow event from hardware with flags 04000000

LINA日志显示已分流的流：

Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-7-609001: Built local-host INSIDE:192.168.1.40
Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-7-609001: Built local-host OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40
Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-6-302013: Built inbound TCP connection 966 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32840 (192.168.1.40/32840) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80)
Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 966 from INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32840 (192.168.1.40/32840) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80)
Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 966 from OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) to INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32840 (192.168.1.40/32840)

LINA捕获显示8个数据包正在通过：

firepower# show capture
capture CAPI type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface INSIDE [Capturing - 3908 bytes]
  match ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40
capture CAPO type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface OUTSIDE [Capturing - 3908 bytes]
  match ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40

firepower# show capture CAPI

8 packets captured

   1: 14:45:32.700021  192.168.1.40.32842 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3195173118:3195173118(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 332569060 0>
   2: 14:45:32.700372  192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: S 184794124:184794124(0) ack 3195173119 win 2896 <mss 1380,sackOK,timestamp 332567732 332569060>
   3: 14:45:32.700540  192.168.1.40.32842 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 3195173119:3195173317(198) ack 184794125 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 332569060 332567732>
   4: 14:45:32.700876  192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: . 184794125:184795493(1368) ack 3195173317 win 2698 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567733 332569060>
   5: 14:45:32.700922  192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: P 184795493:184796861(1368) ack 3195173317 win 2698 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567733 332569060>
   6: 14:45:32.701425  192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: FP 184810541:184810851(310) ack 3195173317 win 2698 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567733 332569061>
   7: 14:45:32.701532  192.168.1.40.32842 > 192.168.2.40.80: F 3195173317:3195173317(0) ack 184810852 win 2736 <nop,nop,timestamp 332569061 332567733>
   8: 14:45:32.701639  192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: . ack 3195173318 win 2697 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567734 332569061>

FTD流卸载统计显示22个分流到硬件的数据包：

firepower# show flow-offload statistics
 Packet stats of port : 0
        Tx Packet count                  :               22
        Rx Packet count                  :               22
        Dropped Packet count             :                0
        VNIC transmitted packet          :               22
        VNIC transmitted bytes           :            15308
        VNIC Dropped packets             :                0
        VNIC erroneous received          :                0
        VNIC CRC errors                  :                0
        VNIC transmit failed             :                0
        VNIC multicast received          :                0

您还可以使用show flow-offload flow命令查看与已分流流相关的其他信息。示例如下：

firepower# show flow-offload flow
Total offloaded flow stats: 2 in use, 4 most used, 20% offloaded, 0 collisions
TCP intfc 103 src 192.168.1.40:39301 dest 192.168.2.40:20, static, timestamp 616063741, packets 33240, bytes 2326800
TCP intfc 104 src 192.168.2.40:20 dest 192.168.1.40:39301, static, timestamp 616063760, packets 249140, bytes 358263320
firepower# show conn
5 in use, 5 most used
Inspect Snort:
        preserve-connection: 1 enabled, 0 in effect, 4 most enabled, 0 most in effect

TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:21 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:40988, idle 0:00:00, bytes 723, flags UIO
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:21 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:40980, idle 0:02:40, bytes 1086, flags UIO
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:80 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:49442, idle 0:00:00, bytes 86348310, flags UIO N1
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:20 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:39301, idle 0:00:00, bytes 485268628, flags Uo <- offloaded flow
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:20 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:34713, idle 0:02:40, bytes 821799360, flags UFRIO

该百分比基于“show conn”输出。例如，如果5个连接总共通过FTD LINA引擎，其中1个已卸载，则20%将报告为已卸载
分流会话的最大限制取决于软件版本(例如ASA 9.8.3和FTD 6.2.3支持400万双向（或800万单向）分流流)
如果已分流的流数达到限制（例如400万个双向流），则在从已分流的表中删除现有连接之前，不会分流新连接

要查看FP4100/9300上通过FTD（分流+ LINA）的所有数据包，需要在机箱级别启用捕获，如图所示：

机箱背板捕获显示两个方向。由于FXOS捕获架构（每个方向2个捕获点），每个数据包显示两次，如图所示：

基于以上：

通过FTD的数据包总数：30
通过FTD LINA的数据包：8
分流到SmartNIC硬件加速器的数据包：22

如果平台与FP4100/FP9300不同，则所有数据包都由LINA引擎处理，因为不支持流分流(请注意没有o标志):

FP2100-6# show conn addr 192.168.1.40
33 in use, 123 most used
Inspect Snort:
        preserve-connection: 0 enabled, 0 in effect, 2 most enabled, 0 most in effect

TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:80 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:50890, idle 0:00:09, bytes 175, flags UxIO

LINA系统日志仅显示连接设置和连接终止事件：

FP2100-6# show log | i 192.168.2.40
Jun 21 2020 14:29:44: %FTD-6-302013: Built inbound TCP connection 6914 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/50900 (192.168.11.101/50900) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80)
Jun 21 2020 14:30:30: %FTD-6-302014: Teardown TCP connection 6914 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/50900 to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 duration 0:00:46 bytes 565 TCP FINs from OUTSIDE

使用案例

如果要完全绕过Snort检测，请使用Prefilter Fastpath操作。您通常希望对您信任的大数据流（如备份、数据库传输等）执行此操作
在FP4100/9300设备上，快速路径操作触发流分流，并且只有少量数据包通过FTD LINA引擎。其余由SmartNIC处理，从而减少延迟

预过滤器策略快速路径操作（内联集）

如果对通过内联集（NGIPS接口）的流量应用预过滤器策略快速路径操作，应考虑以下几点：

该规则作为信任操作应用到LINA引擎
Snort引擎不检查流
由于流分流不适用于NGIPS接口，因此不会发生流分流（硬件加速）

以下是在内联集上应用预过滤器快速路径操作时数据包跟踪的示例：

firepower# packet-tracer input inside tcp 192.168.1.40 12345 192.168.1.50 80 detailed

Phase: 1
Type: NGIPS-MODE
Subtype: ngips-mode
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
The flow ingressed an interface configured for NGIPS mode and NGIPS services will be applied
Forward Flow based lookup yields rule:
in id=0x2ad7ac48b330, priority=501, domain=ips-mode, deny=false
hits=2, user_data=0x2ad80d54abd0, cs_id=0x0, flags=0x0, protocol=0
src ip/id=0.0.0.0, mask=0.0.0.0, port=0, tag=any
dst ip/id=0.0.0.0, mask=0.0.0.0, port=0, tag=any, dscp=0x0
input_ifc=inside, output_ifc=any

Phase: 2
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Subtype: log
Result: ALLOW
Config:
access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced trust ip object 192.168.1.0 object 192.168.1.0 rule-id 268438531 event-log flow-end
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268438531: PREFILTER POLICY: PF1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268438531: RULE: 1
Additional Information:
Forward Flow based lookup yields rule:
in id=0x2ad9f9f8a7f0, priority=12, domain=permit, trust
hits=1, user_data=0x2ad9b23c5d40, cs_id=0x0, use_real_addr, flags=0x0, protocol=0
src ip/id=192.168.1.0, mask=255.255.255.0, port=0, tag=any, ifc=any
dst ip/id=192.168.1.0, mask=255.255.255.0, port=0, tag=any, ifc=any, vlan=0, dscp=0x0
input_ifc=any, output_ifc=any

Phase: 3
Type: NGIPS-EGRESS-INTERFACE-LOOKUP
Subtype: Resolve Egress Interface
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
Ingress interface inside is in NGIPS inline mode.
Egress interface outside is determined by inline-set configuration

Phase: 4
Type: FLOW-CREATION
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
New flow created with id 7, packet dispatched to next module
Module information for forward flow ...
snp_fp_ips_tcp_state_track_lite
snp_fp_ips_mode_adj
snp_fp_tracer_drop
snp_ifc_stat

Module information for reverse flow ...
snp_fp_ips_tcp_state_track_lite
snp_fp_ips_mode_adj
snp_fp_tracer_drop
snp_ifc_stat

Result:
input-interface: inside
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
Action: allow

以上可视化为：

预过滤器策略快速路径操作（带分路器的内联集）

与内联集案例相同

预过滤器策略分析操作

方案1.使用ACP块规则进行预过滤器分析

请考虑包含分析规则的预过滤器策略，如图所示：

ACP仅包含默认规则，该规则设置为“阻止所有流量”，如图所示：

这是FTD Snort引擎（ngfw.rules文件）中部署的策略：

# Start of tunnel and priority rules.
# These rules are evaluated by LINA. Only tunnel tags are used from the matched rule id.
268435460 allow any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any  (tunnel -1)
268435459 allow any any  1025-65535 any any  3544 any 17  (tunnel -1)
268435459 allow any any  3544 any any  1025-65535 any 17  (tunnel -1)
268435459 allow any any  any any any  any any 47  (tunnel -1)
268435459 allow any any  any any any  any any 41  (tunnel -1)
268435459 allow any any  any any any  any any 4  (tunnel -1)
# End of tunnel and priority rules.
# Start of AC rule.
268435458 deny any any  any any any  any any any  (log dcforward flowstart)
# End of AC rule.

以下是FTD LINA引擎中的部署策略：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=0) 0xb788b786

验证行为

Packet-tracer显示数据包由LINA允许，被转发到Snort引擎(由于允许操作)，并且Snort引擎返回块判定，因为AC的默认操作匹配。

注意：Snort不根据隧道规则评估流量

当跟踪数据包时，会显示相同的信息：

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40
...
Phase: 4
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Subtype: log
Result: ALLOW
Config:
access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1
Additional Information:
 This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached

…
Phase: 14
Type: SNORT
Subtype:
Result: DROP
Config:
Additional Information:
Snort Trace:
Packet: ICMP
AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0)
Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0
Firewall: block rule, id 268435458, drop
Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop
NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLACKLIST, Blocked by Firewall
Snort Verdict: (black-list) black list this flow

Result:
input-interface: INSIDE
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
output-interface: OUTSIDE
output-status: up
output-line-status: up
Action: drop
Drop-reason: (firewall) Blocked or blacklisted by the firewall preprocessor

方案2.使用ACP允许规则进行预过滤器分析

如果目标是允许数据包通过FTD，则需要在ACP中添加规则。操作可以是Allow或Trust，这取决于目标（例如，如果要应用L7检测，则必须使用Allow操作），如图所示：

FTD Snort引擎中部署的策略：

# Start of AC rule.
268435461 allow any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any
268435458 deny any any  any any any  any any any  (log dcforward flowstart)
# End of AC rule.

在LINA引擎中：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=1) 0xb788b786

验证行为

Packet-tracer显示数据包与LINA中的规则268435460和Snort引擎中的规则268435461匹配：

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40
...
Phase: 4
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Subtype: log
Result: ALLOW
Config:
access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1
Additional Information:
 This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached
…
Phase: 14
Type: SNORT
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
Snort Trace:
Packet: ICMP
AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0)
Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0
Firewall: allow rule, id 268435461, allow
NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS
Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet
…
Result:
input-interface: INSIDE
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
output-interface: OUTSIDE
output-status: up
output-line-status: up
Action: allow

场景3.使用ACP信任规则进行预过滤器分析

如果ACP包含信任规则，则您具有此规则，如图所示：

Snort:

# Start of AC rule.
268435461 fastpath any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any
268435458 deny any any  any any any  any any any  (log dcforward flowstart)
# End of AC rule.

莉娜：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=2) 0xb788b786

请记住，由于SI默认启用，因此信任规则部署为LINA上的permit操作，因此至少有几个数据包被重定向到Snort引擎进行检查。

验证行为

Packet-tracer显示Snort引擎白名单列出了将剩余流分流到LINA的数据包：

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40
...
Phase: 4
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Subtype: log
Result: ALLOW
Config:
access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1
Additional Information:
 This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached
…
Phase: 14
Type: SNORT
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
Snort Trace:
Packet: ICMP
AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0)
Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0
Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, id 268435461, allow
NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict WHITELIST
Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow
…
Result:
input-interface: INSIDE
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
output-interface: OUTSIDE
output-status: up
output-line-status: up
Action: allow

场景4.使用ACP信任规则进行预过滤器分析

在此场景中，SI被手动禁用。

规则在Snort中部署如下：

# Start of AC rule.
268435461 fastpath any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any
268435458 deny any any  any any any  any any any  (log dcforward flowstart)
# End of AC rule.

在LINA中，规则部署为信任。虽然数据包与因“分析预过滤器”规则而部署的允许规则（请参阅ACE命中计数）匹配，但Snort引擎会检查该数据包:

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=3) 0xb788b786
...
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced trust ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-end (hitcnt=0) 0x5c1346d6
...
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 16 advanced deny ip any any rule-id 268435458 event-log flow-start (hitcnt=0) 0x97aa021a

验证行为

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40
...
Phase: 4
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Subtype: log
Result: ALLOW
Config:
access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1
Additional Information:
 This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached
...
Phase: 14
Type: SNORT
Subtype:
Result: ALLOW
Config:
Additional Information:
Snort Trace:
Packet: ICMP
AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0)
Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0
Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, id 268435461, allow
NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict WHITELIST
Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow
…
Result:
input-interface: INSIDE
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
output-interface: OUTSIDE
output-status: up
output-line-status: up
Action: allow

要点

分析操作在LINA引擎中作为允许规则部署。这对要转发到Snort引擎进行检查的数据包有影响
Analyze 操作不在Snort引擎中部署任何规则，因此，您需要确保在ACP中配置与Snort中匹配的规则
它取决于在Snort引擎中部署的ACP规则(块与允许与快速路径),Snort不允许或允许全部或少量数据包

使用案例

分析操作的使用案例是，在预过滤器策略中有一个快速路径规则，并且希望为特定流放置一些例外，以便由Snort检查

ACP监控器操作

在FMC UI上配置的监控规则：

监控规则作为允许操作部署在FTD LINA引擎上，作为审核操作部署到Snort引擎上。

firepower# show access-list
…
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.11.0 255.255.255.0 rule-id 268438863 (hitcnt=0) 0x61bbaf0c

Snort规则：

admin@firepower:~$ cat /var/sf/detection_engines/9e080e5c-adc3-11ea-9d37-44884cf7e9ba/ngfw.rules
…
# Start of AC rule.
268438863 audit any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.0 24 any any any (log dcforward flowend)
# End rule 268438863

要点

监控规则不丢弃或允许流量，但会生成连接事件。根据后续规则检查数据包，允许或丢弃该数据包
FMC连接事件显示数据包匹配2个规则，包括监控规则

系统支持跟踪输出显示数据包与两个规则匹配：

> system support trace

Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y
Please specify an IP protocol: tcp
Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.50
Please specify a client port:
Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50
Please specify a server port:
Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages


192.168.10.50-41922 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 419031630
192.168.10.50-41922 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session
192.168.10.50-41922 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 new firewall session
192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Monitor_Rule', and IPProto first with zone           s -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, source sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest sgt tag: 0,            svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0
192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 match rule order 2, 'Monitor_Rule', action Audit
192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 match rule order 3, 'trust_L3-L4', action Trust
192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 MidRecovery data sent for rule id: 268438858,rule_action:3, rev id:1078           02206, rule_match flag:0x2

使用案例

用于监控网络活动并生成连接事件

ACP交互阻止操作

在FMC UI上配置的交互式阻止规则：

Interactive Block规则作为允许操作部署在FTD LINA引擎上，并作为旁路规则部署到Snort引擎：

firepower# show access-list
…
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268438864: L7 RULE: Inter-Block-Rule1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438864 (hitcnt=3) 0xba785fc0
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 11 remark rule-id 268438865: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 12 remark rule-id 268438865: L7 RULE: Inter-Block_Rule2
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.51 rule-id 268438865 (hitcnt=0) 0x622350d0

Snort引擎：

admin@firepower:~$ cat /var/sf/detection_engines/9e080e5c-adc3-11ea-9d37-44884cf7e9ba/ngfw.rules
…
# Start of AC rule.
268438864 bypass any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.50 32 80 any 6
# End rule 268438864
268438865 bypass any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.51 32 any any any (appid 676:1) (ip_protos 6, 17)
# End rule 268438865

交互式阻止规则提示用户禁止目标

默认情况下，防火墙允许绕过阻止600秒：

在系统支持跟踪输出中，您可以看到防火墙最初会阻止流量并显示阻止页面：

> system support trace
…
192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 983273680, ack 2014879580
192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0)
192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff
192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive
192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 bypass action sending HTTP interactive response of 1093 bytes
192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive block rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', drop
192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop
192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 deleting firewall session flags = 0x800, fwFlags = 0x1002
192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 22, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLACKLIST
192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 ===> Blocked by Firewall
Verdict reason is sent to DAQ

用户选择“继续”（或刷新浏览器页面）后，调试显示数据包被模拟和允许操作的同一规则允许：

192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 1357413630, ack 2607625293
192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0)
192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff
192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive
192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 bypass action interactive bypass
192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 allow action
192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: allow rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow
192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive bypass rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow
192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 8, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

使用案例

向Web用户显示警告页面，并为其提供继续选项。

ACP交互式阻止，带重置操作

在FMC UI上配置了重置规则的交互式阻止：

Interactive Block with reset规则作为允许操作部署在FTD LINA引擎上，Snort引擎作为交互集规则部署：

firepower# show access-list
…
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268438864: L7 RULE: Inter-Block-Rule1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438864 (hitcnt=13) 0xba785fc0
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 11 remark rule-id 268438865: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 12 remark rule-id 268438865: L7 RULE: Inter-Block_Rule2
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.51 rule-id 268438865 (hitcnt=0) 0x622350d0

Snort引擎：

# Start of AC rule.
268438864 intreset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.50 32 80 any 6
# End rule 268438864
268438865 intreset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.51 32 any any any (appid 676:1) (ip_protos 6, 17)
# End rule 268438865

与Block with Reset一样，用户可以选择Continue选项：

在Snort调试中，交互重置中显示的操作：

> system support trace

Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y
Please specify an IP protocol: tcp
Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.52
Please specify a client port:
Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50
Please specify a server port:
Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages


192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 3232128039
192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session
192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 new firewall session
192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, source sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest sgt tag: 0, svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0
192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive Reset
192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 MidRecovery data sent for rule id: 268438864,rule_action:8, rev id:1099034206, rule_match flag:0x0
192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 HitCount data sent for rule id: 268438864,
192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58958 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 2228213518, ack 3232128040
192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58958 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58958 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 3232128040, ack 2228213519
192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0)
192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 3232128040, ack 2228213519
192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0)
192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff
192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive Reset
192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 bypass action sending HTTP interactive response of 1093 bytes
192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive block rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', drop
192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop
192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 deleting firewall session flags = 0x800, fwFlags = 0x1002
192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLACKLIST
192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 ===> Blocked by Firewall
Verdict reason is sent to DAQ

此时，块页面会显示给最终用户。如果用户选择继续（或刷新网页），则此次允许流量通过的相同规则匹配：

192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 1593478294, ack 3135589307
192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0)
192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff
192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive Reset
192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 bypass action interactive bypass
192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 allow action
192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: allow rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow
192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive bypass rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow
192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 14, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 3135589307, ack 1593478786
192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0)
192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: allow rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow
192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive bypass rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow
192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 14, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

带重置规则的交互式阻止将TCP RST发送到非Web流量：

firepower# show cap CAPI | i 11.50
   2: 22:13:33.112954       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: S 3109534920:3109534920(0) win 29200 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 3745225378 0,nop,wscale 7>
   3: 22:13:33.113626       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: S 3422362500:3422362500(0) ack 3109534921 win 8192 <mss 1380,nop,wscale 8,sackOK,timestamp 53252448 3745225378>
   4: 22:13:33.113824       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362501 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225379 53252448>
   5: 22:13:33.114953       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: P 3422362501:3422362543(42) ack 3109534921 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 53252448 3745225379>
   6: 22:13:33.114984       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: P 3422362543:3422362549(6) ack 3109534921 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 53252448 3745225379>
   7: 22:13:33.114984       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: P 3422362549:3422362570(21) ack 3109534921 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 53252448 3745225379>
   8: 22:13:33.115182       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362543 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225381 53252448>
   9: 22:13:33.115411       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362549 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225381 53252448>
  10: 22:13:33.115426       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362570 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225381 53252448>
  12: 22:13:34.803699       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: P 3109534921:3109534931(10) ack 3422362570 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745227069 53252448>
  13: 22:13:34.804523       802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: R 3422362570:3422362570(0) ack 3109534931 win 0

FTD辅助连接和针孔

在旧版本（如6.2.2、6.2.3等）中，如果使用Trust操作，Snort引擎不会为辅助连接（如FTD数据）打开针孔。在最新版本中，此行为已更改，Snort引擎即使使用Trust操作也会打开针孔。

FTD规则指南

对大脂肪流使用预过滤器策略快速路径规则，并减少通过设备的延迟
对根据L3/L4条件必须阻止的流量使用预过滤器阻止规则
如果要绕过许多Snort检查，但仍要利用身份策略、QoS、SI、应用检测、URL过滤器等功能，请使用ACP信任规则
使用以下准则将影响较少防火墙性能的规则置于访问控制策略的顶部：

块规则（第1-4层） — 预过滤器块
允许规则（第1-4层） — 预过滤器快速路径
ACP块规则（第1-4层）
信任规则（第1-4层）
阻止规则（第5-7层 — 应用检测、URL过滤）
允许规则（第1-7层 — 应用检测、URL过滤、入侵策略/文件策略）
阻止规则（默认规则）

避免过度记录（在开始或结束时记录，同时避免两者）
了解规则扩展，检查LINA中的规则数

firepower# show access-list | include elements
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_; 7 elements; name hash: 0x4a69e3f3

摘要

预过滤器操作

ACP操作

注意：从6.3 FTD软件代码动态流卸载可以卸载满足其他条件的连接，包括需要Snort检测的受信任数据包。有关详细信息，请参阅《Firepower管理中心配置指南》中的“卸载大型连接（流）”部分

明确Firepower威胁防御访问控制策略规则操作

下载选项

关于此翻译

目录

简介

先决条件

要求

使用的组件

相关产品

背景信息

ACP的部署方式

配置

ACP可用操作

ACP和预过滤器策略如何交互

ACP阻止操作

场景1.提前LINA丢弃

场景2.由于Snort判定而丢弃

ACP阻止和重置操作

ACP允许操作

场景1. ACP允许操作（L3/L4条件）

场景2. ACP允许操作（L3-7条件）

场景3. Snort快速转发判定，允许

ACP信任操作

场景1. ACP信任操作

场景2. ACP信任操作（无SI、QoS和身份策略）

预过滤器策略阻止操作

预过滤器策略快速路径操作

预过滤器策略快速路径操作（内联集）

预过滤器策略快速路径操作（带分路器的内联集）

预过滤器策略分析操作

方案1.使用ACP块规则进行预过滤器分析

方案2.使用ACP允许规则进行预过滤器分析

场景3.使用ACP信任规则进行预过滤器分析

场景4.使用ACP信任规则进行预过滤器分析

ACP监控器操作

ACP交互阻止操作

ACP交互式阻止，带重置操作

FTD辅助连接和 针孔

FTD规则指南

摘要

相关信息

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