Secure Shell (SSH)

Document ID: 4145

Contents

Introduction
Prerequisites
      Requirements
      Components Used
      Conventions
SSH v1 vs. SSH v2
Network Diagram
Test Authentication
      Authentication Test without SSH
      Authentication Test with SSH
Optional Configuration Settings
      Prevent Non-SSH Connections
      Set Up an IOS Router or Switch as SSH Client
      Add SSH Terminal-Line Access
      Configure the SSH Version
      Variations on banner Command Output
      Unable to Display the Login Banner
debug and show Commands
Sample Debug Output
      Router Debug
      Server Debug
What can go Wrong
      SSH From an SSH Client Not Compiled with Data Encryption Standard (DES)
      Bad Password
      SSH Client Sends Unsupported (Blowfish) Cipher
Troubleshooting Tips
NetPro Discussion Forums - Featured Conversations
Related Information

Introduction

Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol which provides a secure remote access connection to network devices. Communication between the client and server is encrypted in both SSH version 1 and SSH version 2. Implement SSH version 2 when possible because it uses a more enhanced security encryption algorithm.

This document discusses how to configure and debug SSH on Cisco routers or switches that run a version of Cisco IOS® Software that supports SSH. This document contains more information on specific versions and software images.

Prerequisites

Requirements

There are no specific prerequisites for this document.

Components Used

The information in this document is based on Cisco IOS 3600 Software (C3640-IK9S-M), Release 12.2(2)T1.

SSH was introduced into these IOS platforms and images:

• SSH Version 1.0 (SSH v1) server was introduced in some IOS platforms and images starting in Cisco IOS Software Release 12.0.5.S.

• SSH client was introduced in some IOS platforms and images starting in Cisco IOS Software Release 12.1.3.T.

• SSH terminal-line access (also known as reverse-Telnet) was introduced in some IOS platforms and images starting in Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2.2.T.

• SSH Version 2.0 (SSH v2) support was introduced in some IOS platforms and images starting in Cisco IOS Software Release 12.1(19)E.

• Refer to How to Configure SSH on Catalyst Switches Running CatOS for information on SSH support in the switches.

Refer to the Software Advisor ( registered customers only) for a complete list of feature sets supported in different Cisco IOS Software releases and on different platforms.

The information presented in this document was created from devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If you are in a live network, make sure that you understand the potential impact of any command before you use it.

Conventions

Refer to Cisco Technical Tips Conventions for more information on document conventions.

SSH v1 vs. SSH v2

Use the Cisco Software Advisor ( registered customers only) to help you find the version of code with appropriate support for either SSH v1 or SSH v2.

Network Diagram

Test Authentication

Authentication Test without SSH

First test the authentication without SSH to make sure that authentication works with the router Carter before you add SSH. Authentication can be with a local username and password or with an authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) server that runs TACACS+ or RADIUS. (Authentication through the line password is not possible with SSH.) This example shows local authentication, which lets you Telnet into the router with username "cisco" and password "cisco."

!--- The aaa new-model command causes the local username and password on the router
!--- to be used in the absence of other AAA statements.

aaa new-model
username cisco password 0 cisco
line vty 0 4
transport input telnet

!--- Instead of aaa new-model, you can use the login local command.

Authentication Test with SSH

In order to test authentication with SSH, you have to add to the previous statements in order to enable SSH on Carter and test SSH from the PC and UNIX stations.

ip domain-name rtp.cisco.com

!--- Generate an SSH key to be used with SSH.

cry key generate rsa
ip ssh time-out 60
ip ssh authentication-retries 2

At this point, the show cry key mypubkey rsa command must show the generated key. After you add the SSH configuration, test your ability to access the router from the PC and UNIX station. If this does not work, see the debug section of this document.

Optional Configuration Settings

Prevent Non-SSH Connections

If you want to prevent non-SSH connections, add the transport input ssh command under the lines to limit the router to SSH connections only. Straight (non-SSH) Telnets are refused.

line vty 0 4

!--- Prevent non-SSH Telnets.

transport input ssh

Test to make sure that non-SSH users cannot Telnet to the router Carter.

Set Up an IOS Router or Switch as SSH Client

There are four steps required to enable SSH support on an IOS router:

1. Configure the hostname command.

2. Configure the DNS domain.

3. Generate the SSH key to be used.

4. Enable SSH transport support for the virtual type terminal (vtys).

If you want to have one device act as an SSH client to the other, you can add SSH to a second device called Reed. These devices are then in a client-server arrangement, where Carter acts as the server, and Reed acts as the client. The IOS SSH client configuration on Reed is the same as required for the SSH server configuration on Carter.

!--- Step 1: Configure the hostname if you have not previously done so.

hostname carter

!--- The aaa new-model command causes the local username and password on the router
!--- to be used in the absence of other AAA statements.

aaa new-model
username cisco password 0 cisco

!--- Step 2: Configure the DNS domain of the router.

ip domain-name rtp.cisco.com

!--- Step 3: Generate an SSH key to be used with SSH.

cry key generate rsa
ip ssh time-out 60
ip ssh authentication-retries 2

!--- Step 4: By default the vtys' transport is Telnet. In this case, 
!--- Telnet is disabled and only SSH is supported.

line vty 0 4
transport input SSH

!--- Instead of aaa new-model, you can use the login local command.

Issue this command to SSH from the IOS SSH client (Reed) to the IOS SSH server (Carter) in order to test this:

• SSH v1:

  ssh -l cisco -c 3des 10.13.1.99
  

• SSH v2:

  ssh -v 2 -c aes256-cbc -m hmac-sha1-160 -l cisco 10.31.1.99
  

Add SSH Terminal-Line Access

If you need outbound SSH terminal-line authentication, you can configure and test SSH for outbound reverse Telnets through Carter, which acts as a comm server to Philly.

ip ssh port 2001 rotary 1
line 1 16
   no exec
   rotary 1
   transport input ssh
   exec-timeout 0 0
   modem In Out
   Stopbits 1

If Philly is attached to Carter's port 2, then you can configure SSH to Philly through Carter from Reed with the help of this command:

• SSH v1:

  ssh -c 3des -p 2002 10.13.1.99
  

• SSH v2:

  ssh -v 2 -c aes256-cbc -m hmac-sha1-160 -p 2002 10.31.1.99
  

You can use this command from Solaris:

ssh -c 3des -p 2002 -x -v 10.13.1.99

Configure the SSH Version

Configure SSH v1:

carter (config)#ip ssh version 1

Configure SSH v2:

carter (config)#ip ssh version 2

Configure SSH v1 and v2:

carter (config)#no ip ssh version

Variations on banner Command Output

The banner command output varies between the Telnet and different versions of SSH connections. This table illustrates how different banner command options work with various types of connections.

Unable to Display the Login Banner

SSH version 2 supports the login banner. The login banner is displayed if the SSH client sends the username when it initiates the SSH session with the Cisco router. For example, when the Secure Shell ssh client is used, the login banner is displayed. When the PuTTY ssh client is used, the login banner is not displayed. This is because Secure Shell sends the username by default and PuTTY does not send the username by default.

The Secure Shell client needs the username to initiate the connection to the SSH enabled device. The Connect button is not enabled if you do not enter the host name and username. This screenshot shows that the login banner is displayed when Secure Shell connects to the router. Then, the login banner password prompt displays.

The PuTTY client does not require the username to initiate the SSH connection to the router. This screenshot shows that the PuTTY client connects to the router and prompts for the username and password. It does not display the login banner.

This screenshot shows that the login banner is displayed when PuTTY is configured to send the username to the router.

debug and show Commands

Before you issue the debug commands described and illustrated here, refer to Important Information on Debug Commands. Certain show commands are supported by the Output Interpreter Tool ( registered customers only) , which allows you to view an analysis of show command output.

• debug ip ssh—Displays debug messages for SSH.

• show ssh—Displays the status of SSH server connections.

  carter#show ssh
    Connection    Version Encryption    State              Username
     0            1.5     DES           Session started    cisco

• show ip ssh—Displays the version and configuration data for SSH.

  • Version 1 Connection and no Version 2

    carter#show ip ssh
      SSH Enabled - version 1.5
      Authentication timeout: 60 secs; Authentication retries: 2

  • Version 2 Connection and no Version 1

    carter#show ip ssh
      SSH Enabled - version 2.0
      Authentication timeout: 120 secs; Authentication retries: 3

  • Version 1 and Version 2 Connections

    carter#show ip ssh
      SSH Enabled - version 1.99
      Authentication timeout: 120 secs; Authentication retries: 3

Sample Debug Output

Router Debug

Note: Some of this good debug output is wrapped to multiple lines because of spatial considerations.

00:23:20: SSH0: starting SSH control process
00:23:20: SSH0: sent protocol version id SSH-1.5-Cisco-1.25
00:23:20: SSH0: protocol version id is - SSH-1.5-1.2.26
00:23:20: SSH0: SSH_SMSG_PUBLIC_KEY msg
00:23:21: SSH0: SSH_CMSG_SESSION_KEY msg - length 112, type 0x03
00:23:21: SSH: RSA decrypt started
00:23:21: SSH: RSA decrypt finished
00:23:21: SSH: RSA decrypt started
00:23:21: SSH: RSA decrypt finished
00:23:21: SSH0: sending encryption confirmation
00:23:21: SSH0: keys exchanged and encryption on
00:23:21: SSH0: SSH_CMSG_USER message received
00:23:21: SSH0: authentication request for userid cisco
00:23:21: SSH0: SSH_SMSG_FAILURE message sent
00:23:23: SSH0: SSH_CMSG_AUTH_PASSWORD message received
00:23:23: SSH0: authentication successful for cisco
00:23:23: SSH0: requesting TTY
00:23:23: SSH0: setting TTY - requested: length 24, width 80; set:
   length 24, width 80
00:23:23: SSH0: invalid request - 0x22
00:23:23: SSH0: SSH_CMSG_EXEC_SHELL message received
00:23:23: SSH0: starting shell for vty

Server Debug

Note: This output was captured on a Solaris machine.

rtp-evergreen.rtp.cisco.com#ssh -c 3des -l cisco -v 10.31.1.99
rtp-evergreen#/opt/CISssh/bin/ssh -c 3des -l cisco -v 10.13.1.99
SSH Version 1.2.26 [sparc-sun-solaris2.5.1], protocol version 1.5.
Compiled with RSAREF.
rtp-evergreen: Reading configuration data /opt/CISssh/etc/ssh_config
rtp-evergreen: ssh_connect: getuid 0 geteuid 0 anon 0
rtp-evergreen: Allocated local port 1023.
rtp-evergreen: Connecting to 10.13.1.99 port 22.
rtp-evergreen: Connection established.
rtp-evergreen: Remote protocol version 1.5, 
   remote software version Cisco-1.25
rtp-evergreen: Waiting for server public key.
rtp-evergreen: Received server public key (768 bits) 
   and host key (512 bits).
rtp-evergreen: Host '10.13.1.99' is known and matches the host key.
rtp-evergreen: Initializing random; seed file //.ssh/random_seed
rtp-evergreen: Encryption type: 3des
rtp-evergreen: Sent encrypted session key.
rtp-evergreen: Installing crc compensation attack detector.
rtp-evergreen: Received encrypted confirmation.
rtp-evergreen: Doing password authentication.
cisco@10.13.1.99's password: 
rtp-evergreen: Requesting pty.
rtp-evergreen: Failed to get local xauth data.
rtp-evergreen: Requesting X11 forwarding with authentication spoofing.
Warning: Remote host denied X11 forwarding, perhaps xauth program
   could not be run on the server side.
rtp-evergreen: Requesting shell.
rtp-evergreen: Entering interactive session.

What can go Wrong

These sections have sample debug output from several incorrect configurations.

SSH From an SSH Client Not Compiled with Data Encryption Standard (DES)

Solaris Debug

rtp-evergreen#/opt/CISssh/bin/ssh -c des -l cisco -v 10.13.1.99
SSH Version 1.2.26 [sparc-sun-solaris2.5.1], protocol version 1.5.
Compiled with RSAREF.
rtp-evergreen: Reading configuration data /opt/CISssh/etc/ssh_config
rtp-evergreen: ssh_connect: getuid 0 geteuid 0 anon 0
rtp-evergreen: Allocated local port 1023.
rtp-evergreen: Connecting to 10.13.1.99 port 22.
rtp-evergreen: Connection established.
rtp-evergreen: Remote protocol version 1.5, 
   remote software version Cisco-1.25
rtp-evergreen: Waiting for server public key.
rtp-evergreen: Received server public key (768 bits) 
   and host key (512 bits).
rtp-evergreen: Host '10.13.1.99' is known and matches the host key.
rtp-evergreen: Initializing random; seed file //.ssh/random_seed
rtp-evergreen: Encryption type: des
rtp-evergreen: Sent encrypted session key.
cipher_set_key: unknown cipher: 2

Router Debug

00:24:41: SSH0: Session terminated normally
00:24:55: SSH0: starting SSH control process
00:24:55: SSH0: sent protocol version id SSH-1.5-Cisco-1.25
00:24:55: SSH0: protocol version id is - SSH-1.5-1.2.26
00:24:55: SSH0: SSH_SMSG_PUBLIC_KEY msg
00:24:55: SSH0: SSH_CMSG_SESSION_KEY msg - length 112, type 0x03
00:24:55: SSH: RSA decrypt started
00:24:56: SSH: RSA decrypt finished
00:24:56: SSH: RSA decrypt started
00:24:56: SSH: RSA decrypt finished
00:24:56: SSH0: sending encryption confirmation
00:24:56: SSH0: Session disconnected - error 0x07

Bad Password

Router Debug

00:26:51: SSH0: starting SSH control process
00:26:51: SSH0: sent protocol version id SSH-1.5-Cisco-1.25
00:26:52: SSH0: protocol version id is - SSH-1.5-1.2.26
00:26:52: SSH0: SSH_SMSG_PUBLIC_KEY msg
00:26:52: SSH0: SSH_CMSG_SESSION_KEY msg - length 112, type 0x03
00:26:52: SSH: RSA decrypt started
00:26:52: SSH: RSA decrypt finished
00:26:52: SSH: RSA decrypt started
00:26:52: SSH: RSA decrypt finished
00:26:52: SSH0: sending encryption confirmation
00:26:52: SSH0: keys exchanged and encryption on
00:26:52: SSH0: SSH_CMSG_USER message received
00:26:52: SSH0: authentication request for userid cisco
00:26:52: SSH0: SSH_SMSG_FAILURE message sent
00:26:54: SSH0: SSH_CMSG_AUTH_PASSWORD message received
00:26:54: SSH0: password authentication failed for cisco
00:26:54: SSH0: SSH_SMSG_FAILURE message sent
00:26:54: SSH0: authentication failed for cisco (code=7)
00:26:54: SSH0: Session disconnected - error 0x07

SSH Client Sends Unsupported (Blowfish) Cipher

Router Debug

00:39:26: SSH0: starting SSH control process
00:39:26: SSH0: sent protocol version id SSH-1.5-Cisco-1.25
00:39:26: SSH0: protocol version id is - SSH-1.5-W1.0
00:39:26: SSH0: SSH_SMSG_PUBLIC_KEY msg
00:39:26: SSH0: SSH_CMSG_SESSION_KEY msg - length 112, type 0x03
00:39:26: SSH0: Session disconnected - error 0x20

Troubleshooting Tips

• If your SSH configuration commands are rejected as illegal commands, you have not successfully generated a RSA key pair for your router. Make sure you have specified a host name and domain. Then use the crypto key generate rsa command to generate an RSA key pair and enable the SSH server.

• When you configure the RSA key pair, you might encounter these error messages:

  1. No hostname specified

     You must configure a host name for the router using the hostname global configuration command.

  2. No domain specified

     You must configure a host domain for the router using the ip domain-name global configuration command.

• The number of allowable SSH connections is limited to the maximum number of vtys configured for the router. Each SSH connection uses a vty resource.

• SSH uses either local security or the security protocol that is configured through AAA on your router for user authentication. When you configure AAA, you must ensure that the console is not running under AAA by applying a keyword in the global configuration mode to disable AAA on the console.

• No SSH server connections running.

  carter#show ssh
  
  %No SSHv2 server connections running.
  %No SSHv1 server connections running.

  This output suggests that the SSH server is disabled or not enabled properly. If you have already configured SSH, it is recommended that you reconfigure the SSH server in the device. Complete these steps in order to reconfigure SSH server on the device.

  1. Delete the RSA key pair. After the RSA key pair is deleted, the SSH server is automatically disabled.

     carter#crypto key zeroize rsa
     

     Caution: This command cannot be undone after you save your configuration, and after RSA keys have been deleted, you cannot use certificates or the CA or participate in certificate exchanges with other IP Security (IPSec) peers unless you reconfigure CA interoperability by regenerating RSA keys, getting the CA's certificate, and requesting your own certificate again.Refer to crypto key zeroize rsa - Cisco IOS Security Command Reference, Release 12.3 for more information on this command.

  2. Reconfigure the hostname and domain name of the device.

     carter(config)#hostname hostname
     
     carter(config)#ip domain-name domainname
     
     

  3. Generate an RSA key pair for your router, which automatically enables SSH.

     carter(config)#crypto key generate rsa
     

     Refer to crypto key generate rsa - Cisco IOS Security Command Reference, Release 12.3 for more information on the usage of this command.

  4. Configure SSH server. In order to enable and configure a Cisco router/switch for SSH derver, you can configure SSH parameters. If you do not configure SSH parameters, the default values are used.

     ip ssh {[timeout seconds] | [authentication-retries integer]}

     carter(config)# ip ssh
     

     Refer to ip ssh - Cisco IOS Security Command Reference, Release 12.3 for more information on the usage of this command.

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Related Information

• How to Configure SSH on Catalyst Switches Running CatOS
• Secure Shell Version 2 Support
• SSH Product Support Page
• Technical Support & Documentation - Cisco Systems