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Contents
- Cisco ONS 15454 DWDM Licensing Configuration Guide
- Revision History
- Overview
- Understanding Common Licensing Terms
- Product Authorization Key
- Unique Device Identifier
- Cisco Software License Validation
- Software End-User License Agreement
- Watchtower Device Certificate
- License Types
- Permanent Licenses
- Temporary Licenses
- Temporary Licenses for Emergencies
- Built-in Evaluation Licenses
- License Synchronization
- Licensing Rules
- License Alarms
- Rehost License
- Card Licensing Information
- AR-MXP and AR-XP
- 80-WXC-C
- 40-SMR1-C and 40-SMR2-C
- 100G-LC-C
- 10x10G-LC
- Related Procedures
- NTP-L1 Register Cisco Product Licenses
- NTP-L2 Install and Manage Licenses
- NTP-L3 Transfer a License Between Working Devices
- NTP-L4 Transfer License Between a Failed and a Working Device
- License Upgrade
- Additional References
- Obtaining Documentation and Submitting a Service Request
Cisco ONS 15454 DWDM Licensing Configuration Guide
- Revision History
- Overview
- License Types
- License Synchronization
- Licensing Rules
- License Alarms
- Rehost License
- Card Licensing Information
- Related Procedures
- License Upgrade
- Additional References
- Obtaining Documentation and Submitting a Service Request
Overview
A license is a permit for a software feature to be functional or enabled on a device. The "pay as you grow" model enables you to upgrade your hardware and software capacity by using a license key. As a result, the upfront deployment cost is reduced and additional capacity or features can be purchased on a need basis. You need not complete a return merchandise authorization (RMA) process to add a new hardware. Instead, you can purchase the license, have it electronically delivered, and use the license key to enable the licensed feature.
On a device, some ports and features are active by default. These are known as base functionality and do not require any license for their use. However, to activate additional ports or features, you need to purchase licenses.
Licenses are currently deployed on the following devices:
The Cisco Transport Controller (CTC) assists you in deploying the licenses to the Cisco devices in your network, discovering the devices, and managing and viewing your inventory of licenses and devices. The licensing operations are not supported on TL1, SNMP, or Cisco IOS interfaces.
New devices are shipped with preinstalled licenses for specific functionalities based on your order. New licenses have to be added for enabling additional functionalities. New or upgraded Cisco devices should be registered and must have a product authorization key (PAK) to obtain licenses from Cisco.
Understanding Common Licensing Terms
- Product Authorization Key
- Unique Device Identifier
- Cisco Software License Validation
- Software End-User License Agreement
- Watchtower Device Certificate
Product Authorization Key
Accessing Cisco licensing portals require a PAK, which is provided when you order and purchase the right to use a feature set for a particular device. The PAK serves as a receipt and is an important component in the process of obtaining, upgrading, and activating a license. The registration process requires a PAK, which is an 11-character alphanumeric key printed on the purchase order document shipped with your device hardware.
You can also purchase a bulk PAK to fulfill multiple licenses on a device.
Unique Device Identifier
Licenses are associated to the unique device identifier (UDI). UDI information present on the license file is compared with the actual UDI of the device during license installation. If they do not match, the license operation error is displayed that reads "UDI in license line does not match with the local UDI".
The UDI has three main components—product ID (PID), version ID (VID), and serial number (SN). However, the license uses only the PID and SN for product identification. The UDI is printed on a label located on the back of most Cisco hardware devices.
To view the PID and SN using CTC, go to the node view, and then click the Inventory tab. The PID and SN are displayed in the 'Product ID' and 'Serial #' columns, respectively. The PID and SN can also be retrieved using the TL1 interface command RTRV-INV. The licensable PIDs for the devices are listed in Card Licensing Information.
NoteMake sure that the correct UDI information, comprising of PID and SN, is used when the license is registered.
Cisco Software License Validation
The Cisco software licensing (CSL) uses a system of validation keys to provide a simple mechanism for deploying new feature sets that offer increased functionality for upgrading and maintaining software.
The Cisco licensing portal issues a license key to enable the specified number of ports or features, and the license is locked to the device UDI. This is known as a node-locked license.
Software End-User License Agreement
As part of the licensing process, you must accept the terms and conditions provided in the end-user license agreement. You must accept the agreement when you first use a new device.
Read the terms and conditions of the end-user license agreement located in the following URL:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/general/warranty/English/EU1KEN_.html
License Types
Permanent Licenses
Permanent licenses do not have an expiry date, that is, they do not have any limitation in the usage period associated with them. Procure and install a permanent license to increase the number of licensed ports or activate additional features. Permanent licenses provide the necessary permissions required to access the licensed ports and provision licensed features on the device. All permanent licenses are device locked and validated by the Cisco licensing infrastructure. After a permanent license is installed, you do not need to upgrade the license for subsequent releases.
Temporary Licenses
Temporary Licenses for Emergencies
To avoid network downtime in the event of device failure and if the replaced device does not have the same licenses as the failed device, a temporary license can be used on the device. It is not possible to buy temporary license from the license portal. Temporary license is provided by Cisco TAC for a limited usage period.
The “TEMP-LIC” condition is raised on the card when the temporary license is in use.
NotePrior to expiry of a temporary license, you must go to the Cisco Product License Registration portal to obtain a permanent RMA replacement license and install it on the device.
Built-in Evaluation Licenses
Evaluation licenses are temporary and can be used to evaluate a feature set on new hardware for 60 days. The built-in evaluation license comes preinstalled on the device and cannot be deleted or rehosted.
The “EVAL-LIC” condition is raised on the card when the evaluation license is in use.
NoteYou must go to the Cisco Product License Registration portal prior to the expiration of the evaluation license to upgrade the license status.
The following conditions prevail for the usage of count-based evaluation licenses:
- If you are using m number of ports in the evaluation license, and then if you install the permanent license of n ports (where m > n), the evaluation license takes higher priority and will be in use. The evaluation license is in use until the reset of the licensed device or controller card, or the priority of the evaluation license is changed to “Low”.
NoteIn case of 80-WXC-C, 40-SMR1-C and 40-SMR2-C cards, m and n represent the number of circuits on EXP ports.
- When the evaluation license expires, the permanent license is used with n ports and the traffic goes down on the extra ports. The number of ports that exceed the license count are displayed (in the Unlicensed Count column) in CTC. To avoid the traffic hit on ports, increase license counts or deprovision the ports before the evaluation period expires.
- When the evaluation license is in use with the usage count as m and you install the permanent license of count n where (n > m), the permanent license takes the priority and continues to run in the permanent mode.
If no permanent licenses are installed on a device, the evaluation license is automatically activated when you try to provision the port or feature that is licensed. An evaluation license enables the full functionality supported by the device. All ports are fully enabled for the evaluation period.
The device defaults to the base functionality when the evaluation license expires. When the evaluation license expires, the traffic continues to flow until the next reset of the device or the controller card. After the reset, the permanent license (if installed) takes the priority and the traffic flow is maintained. If the permanent license does not exist, then the traffic goes down. However, traffic is unaffected on the ports that are under base functionality.
License Synchronization
The license on the licensed device gets synchronized with the controller card (TNC/TSC/TCC2P/TCC3) during the following events:
- Cold or warm restart of the licensed card.
- Cold or warm restart of the controller card.
- Side-switch of the controller card.
- Installation or deletion of the license.
- Change of license priority.
- License expiry.
- Creation or deletion of high rate card modes in AR-MXP and AR-XP cards.
- Periodically every 24 hours.
Licensing Rules
The licensing rules are as follows:
- The default priority is low for the evaluation and temporary license, and medium for the permanent license. The priority of the evaluation or temporary license can be modified to “High” or “Low” than the permanent license. The priority of the permanent license cannot be modified.
NoteThe default license priorities cannot be modified for AR-MXP, AR-XP, and 100G-LC-C cards.
- The license having higher priority gets picked when there is a license request.
- All externally installed licenses are active as soon as they are installed.
- There can be only one license in high priority for any licensed feature at any given time.
- There can be only one permanent license for a given count of licensed ports.
- When there are no high priority licenses, licenses with low priority are considered valid. In this case, the license is selected based on the following logic by the licensing library:
- Permanent license is selected over any usage-based (evaluation or temporary) license.
- If more than one permanent license exists, the license with the highest port count is selected.
- If there are no permanent licenses, and more than one usage based (evaluation or temporary) license exists, the license that has the highest port count is used.
- If there are no permanent licenses, and more than one usage-based (evaluation or temporary) license with the same port count exists, the recently installed license is used (even if the recently installed license has a lesser usage period left than the older evaluation or temporary license).
If a permanent license is already installed on the card, by default the permanent license is used. If you want to use evaluation license, you must change the priority for that license using CTC. This is useful when there is a need to temporarily use the full capacity supported by the evaluation license while the installed permanent license is for lesser number of ports or features. For example, you have m port permanent licenses, and want to use n ports for some period, where n > m; you can switch to the evaluation mode with higher port counts enabled.
If an evaluation license is in use and a permanent license is installed after that, the permanent license takes higher priority and will be in use.
License Alarms
Various license related alarms are reported on the device based on the license status. These provide indication about the type of license in use and its validity duration.
Following alarms are reported on the device:
- EVAL-LIC—(Minor alarm) Indicates that the evaluation license is in use.
- TEMP-LIC—(Minor alarm) Indicates that the temporary license is in use.
- LIC-EXPIRING-SOON—(Major alarm) Indicates that the cumulative validity period of all the available evaluation and temporary licenses fall in the range of one to fourteen days.
- LIC-EXPIRING-SHORTLY—(Major alarm) Indicates that the cumulative validity period of all the available evaluation and temporary licenses fall in the range of zero to twenty four hours.
- LIC-EXPIRED—(Critical alarm) Indicates that the evaluation or temporary license has expired.
NoteThe LIC-EXPIRING-SOON and LIC-EXPIRING-SHORTLY alarms are never raised if there is a permanent license available.
Following alarm is reported on the port:
- LIC-MISSING—(Critical alarm) Indicates that the licensed port is no longer licensed. This happens when the license supporting the service on the port has expired.
NoteThe License Missing alarm does not move the provisioned OCHCC or OCHNC circuits from the IS state to a fault state. However, the traffic goes down.
Alarms are raised taking into account all the valid licenses present on the device. When a license expires, the next best license is activated without raising any alarm. However, an alarm is raised when the last valid license is in the expiring state.
The alarms are activated at the card level and are not indicative of which feature-based license has triggered it.
Rehost License
Transferring a license between two working devices is accomplished by using a process known as rehosting. The rehosting process transfers a license from one UDI to another by revoking the license from the source device and installing it on a new device.
You can also opt for partial revoke. The partial revoke enables you revoke a subset of ports and install it on other devices. For example, if a device is running m port licenses, you can transfer only n licensed ports to other devices (where m > n), and the remaining m - n ports can continue on the same device.
For more information about rehosting license procedure, see NTP-L3 Transfer a License Between Working Devices.
Card Licensing Information
AR-MXP and AR-XP
The AR-MXP and AR-XP cards deploy feature-based licenses. The license file is installed in the boot flash of the card. A maximum of 20 licenses are supported per card.
The following low-rate modes on the AR-MXP and AR-XP cards are part of the base functionality and do not need any license for their use.
The following high-rate modes on the AR-MXP and AR-XP cards need license for their use.
- TXP-MR-HIGH
- MXP-DME-HIGH
- MXPP-DME-HIGH
- MXP-MR-HIGH
- MXPP-MR-HIGH
- MXP-4x2.5-10G
- MXPP-4x2.5-10G
- MXP-VDC-10G
- RGN-10G
The licensable PIDs for the AR-MXP and AR-XP cards are:
The non-licensable PIDs for the AR-MXP and AR-XP cards are:
The following table lists the various operations modes of the AR-MXP and AR-XP cards and their corresponding licenses.
Table 1 Licensing for AR-MXP and AR-XP Operation Modes Operational mode Operational mode name Rate mode Supported on 15454-AR-MXP-LIC Supported on 15454-AR-XP-LIC License (Low Rate) License (High Rate) -Licensed Feature Name Unprotected 2.5G Transponders TXP_MR Low Yes Yes Base functionality NA Protected 2.5G Transponders TXPP_MR Low Yes Yes Base functionality NA Unprotected Multi-Rate Muxponder 2.5G MXP_MR Low Yes Yes Base functionality NA Protected Multi-Rate Muxponder 2.5G MXPP_MR Low Yes Yes Base functionality NA OTU1 Regen RGN Low Yes Yes Base functionality NA Unprotected 10G Transponders TXP_MR High Yes Yes NA 15454-LIC-TXP-8G= Unprotected Data Muxponder 10G MXP_DME High Yes Yes NA 15454-LIC-10G-DM= Protected Data Muxponder 10G MXPP_DME High No Yes NA 15454-LIC-10G-DM= Unprotected Multi-Rate Muxponder 10G MXP_MR High Yes Yes NA 15454-LIC-MXP-AR= Protected Multi-Rate Muxponder 10G MXPP_MR High No Yes NA 15454-LIC-MXP-AR= OC48/OTU1 Unprotected Muxponder MXP_10G High Yes Yes NA 15454-LICMXP4X2.5= OC48/OTU1 Protected Muxponder MXPP_10G High No Yes NA 15454-LICMXP4X2.5= Video Muxponder (without Drop & Continue) MXP_VD_10G High No Yes NA 15454-LIC-VD-XP= OTU2 Tri-FEC Mode RGNsuper High Yes Yes NA 15454-LIC-REG-10G= 80-WXC-C
The 80-WXC-C card uses count-based licenses that represent the number of licensed wavelengths on the express (EXP) ports. The card has a base functionality for the first ten circuits provisioned using the EXP ports. License is required for provisioning any additional circuits on the EXP (Tx) ports. Permanent licenses can be purchased in 10-port increments. A maximum of seven sets of permanent licenses, each supporting ten ports, can be installed.
The evaluation license on the 80-WXC-C card supports full capability and hence, all the ports can be provisioned.
The licensable PID on the 80-WXC-C card is 15454-WXC-LIC. The non-licensable PID on the 80-WXC-C card is 15454-80-WXC-C.
The usage of the 80-WXC-C card impacts the circuit provisioning in the following way:
- If the card is used on a meshed node (of N degrees) or on a ROADM node, the licensing will determine the number of OCH pass-through circuits that can be provisioned crossing the EXP (Tx) ports.
- If the card is used on a node where a side is defined on the EXP (Tx) port, licensing will determine the number of OCH pass-through or add/drop circuits that can be provisioned on that side.
- If the card is used on a colorless node and configured as multiplexer (mux) or demultiplexer (demux), the Exp (Tx) ports cannot be used to provision any circuit. There is no limitation on the number of provisionable circuits crossing the card or using the card as the circuit source or destination.
If a circuit under base functionality is deleted, an existing circuit under temporary or evaluation license does not get transferred to the base functionality. However, if a new circuit is provisioned on the device, it will use the port available under base functionality.
40-SMR1-C and 40-SMR2-C
The 40-SMR1-C and 40-SMR2-C cards use count-based licenses that represent the number of licensed wavelengths on the express (EXP) ports. The card has a base functionality for the first ten circuits provisioned using the EXP ports. License is required for provisioning any additional circuits on the EXP (Tx and Rx) ports. Permanent licenses can be purchased in 10-port increments. A maximum of three sets of permanent licenses, each supporting ten ports, can be installed.
The evaluation license on the 40-SMR1-C and 40-SMR2-C cards supports full capability and hence, all the ports can be provisioned.
The licensable PIDs on the 40-SMR1-C and 40-SMR2-C cards are:
The non-licensable PIDs on the 40-SMR1-C and 40-SMR2-C cards are:
The usage of the 40-SMR1-C and 40-SMR2-C cards impact the circuit provisioning in the following way:
- If the card is used on a meshed node (of N degrees) or on a ROADM node, the licensing will determine the number of OCH pass-through circuits that can be provisioned crossing the EXP (Tx) ports.
- If the card is used on node where a side is defined on the EXP (Tx) port, the licensing will determine the number of OCH pass-through or add/drop circuits that can be provisioned on that side.
If a circuit under base functionality is deleted, an existing circuit under temporary or evaluation license does not get transferred to the base functionality. However, if a new circuit is provisioned on the device, it will use the port available under base functionality.
100G-LC-C
The 100G-LC-C card supports feature-based licensing. The licensable PID on the 100G-LC-C card is 15454-M-100GC-LIC . The non-licensable PID on the 100G-LC-C card is 15454-M-100G-LC-C. The 100G-LC-C card features a 60-day evaluation license and supports the following two license levels:
- Base license that supports the MXP-10x10G operating mode. This mode is not supported when licensed 10x10G-LC and 100G-LC-C cards are provisioned together. For more information on 10x10G-LC, refer to 10x10G-LC section.
- Full license that supports the following operating modes:
The 100G-LC-C card with Licensed PID supports the same list of card modes except the TXP-100G and RGN-100G modes. The 100G-LC-C card does not require a license to operate with the CFP-LC card. The supported operating modes on the 100G-LC-C card depend on the card combination because the operating modes involve more than one card. The following table shows the card combinations and their supported operating modes.
Table 2 Supported Card Combinations Card Combination
Supported Operating Modes
Standalone 15454-M-100G-LC-C
TXP-100G
Two 15454-M-100G-LC-C
RGN-100G
15454-M-100G-LC-C and 15454-M10x10G-LC
MXP-10x10G
15454-M-100G-LC-C and 15454-M-10x10-LIC
15454-M-100G-LC-C and 15454-M-CFP-LC
All operating modes
15454-M-100GC-LIC and 15454-M-CFP-LC
Standalone 15454-M-100GC-LIC
TXP-100G (supported only if the card has active license for this operating mode)
Two 15454-M-100GC-LIC
RGN-100G (supported only if the card has active license for this operating mode)
15454-M-100GC-LIC and 15454-M-100G-LC-C
15454-M-100GC-LIC and 15454-M-10x10-LIC
MXP-10x10G
10x10G-LC
The 10x10G-LC card supports count-based licenses. The licensable PID on the 10x10G-LC card is 15454-M-10x10-LIC and the non-licensable PID is 15454-M10x10G-LC.
Though the 10x10G-LC card has ten SFP ports, the base license is supported only on one port. The remaining nine ports require count-based licenses.
The MXP-10x10G operating mode is supported on the remaining licensed ports of the 10x10G-LC card. However, when the 10x10G-LC card is working with the fully licensed 100G-LC-C card, the MXP-10x10G operating mode is not supported. For more information about the card combinations and supported operating modes, see Table 1
If a circuit under the base functionality is deleted, an existing circuit under a temporary or evaluation license does not get transferred to the base functionality. However, if a new circuit is provisioned on the device, it uses the port available under the base functionality. After the license expiry, the traffic goes down because only the base port is supported on the 10x10G-LC card.
Related Procedures
- NTP-L1 Register Cisco Product Licenses
- NTP-L2 Install and Manage Licenses
- NTP-L3 Transfer a License Between Working Devices
- NTP-L4 Transfer License Between a Failed and a Working Device
NTP-L1 Register Cisco Product Licenses
Procedure
Step 1 Collect the PAK and unique device identifier (UDI) information for the devices you need to register. Ensure that the correct UDI (PID and serial number) is used during license registration. For more information about UDI, see Unique Device Identifier. The licensable PIDs for the devices are listed in Card Licensing Information.
Step 2 Go to the Cisco Product License Registration portal at http://www.cisco.com/go/license. You must have a Cisco.com account before you can access the portal. You need to provide information on the web page in the following sequence:
Step 3 The Cisco Product License Registration portal e-mails you the license file. The license file has the information about the number of licenses, features, and Stock Keeping Unit (SKUs) supported. The SKU identifies the set of licensed features on the card. Step 4 Install the license file and deploy the license to your device using CTC. For more information on installing licenses, see NTP-L2 Install and Manage Licenses. The license file is linked with the UDI of the line card.
Stop. You have completed this procedure.
NTP-L2 Install and Manage Licenses
Procedure
Purpose This procedure explains how to install and manage licenses.
Tools/Equipment None Prerequisite Procedures "DLP-G46 Log into CTC" procedure at Connect the PC and Log into the GUI.
Required/As Needed As Needed Onsite/Remote Onsite or Remote Security Level Superuser
NTP-L3 Transfer a License Between Working Devices
Procedure
Step 1 At the node, go to the source device and save the device credentials. Do the following to save the device credentials:
- Use CTC to access the node where you want to install the license. For more information about logging into CTC, see the procedure "DLP-G46 Log into CTC " in the CTC Enhancements, Operations, and Shortcuts document..
- From the View menu, choose Go to Other Node. Choose the required node, click OK.
- If required, open the shelf where the licensed card in present.
- Double-click the licensed card.
- Click Provisioning > Licensing > License Operations tab.
- Choose Save Device Credentials (WDC) from the “Choose the operation to perform” drop-down list.
- Browse to navigate to the location where you want to save the file. Click Save and then click OK. The device credentials (WDC) associated with the card are saved at the specified location.
Step 2 In the Cisco Product License Registration portal, get the permission ticket. Do the following to get the permission ticket:
- Go to the Cisco Product License Registration portal at http://www.cisco.com/go/license and click the Look Up a License link. You must have a Cisco.com account before you can access the portal.
- Enter the PID and serial number of the source device.
- Open the file saved in Step 1 in a text-editor, copy and paste all its content in the Device Credentials field. This gives the device and license details to the Cisco Product License Registration portal.
- Enter security word displayed on the web page and click Continue.
- Expand the "+" (plus sign) and select an entry based on the number of ports or feature you want to rehost. Click Start License Transfer.
- At this stage, you can opt for partial revoke or complete rehost by making the entry in the Quantity column. Click Continue.
- Enter the PID and serial number of the destination device and accept the End User Agreement. Click Continue.
- Verify the information summary and click Submit. The permission ticket is e-mailed to you.
- Save this file to a secure location.
Step 3 In CTC, choose the Provisioning > Licensing > License Operations tab and choose Rehost License from the "Choose the operation to perform" drop-down list. Browse and choose the permission ticket file saved in the previous step and click OK. At this stage, a temporary license with port counts equal to the permanent license count with a validity period of 60 days is installed; this newly installed license remains in the same state as the permanent license that is rehosted. In case of complete rehost, the permanent license is deleted from the source device.
Step 4 Save the rehost ticket file that CTC generates. Step 5 In the Cisco Product License Registration portal, click the Upload Rehost Ticket the link. Open the file saved in the previous step (Step 4) in a text-editor, copy and paste all the contents to the Upload Rehost Ticket page. Step 6 Click Next on the page. Provide the target PID and serial number. The new license is sent in an e-mail. Save this license file and install the license on the new device using CTC. Stop. You have completed this procedure.
NTP-L4 Transfer License Between a Failed and a Working Device
ProcedureBefore you can transfer a software license from a failed device to a new device, you must enter UDI information from both devices into the Cisco Product License Registration portal. The portal issues the RMA replacement licenses (http://www.cisco.com/go/license).
If you need assistance to obtain a license, contact Cisco technical support at: http://www.cisco.com/cisco/web/support/index.html
The RMA replacement license process involves the following steps:
Step 1 Obtain the UDI of the defective and RMA devices. Step 2 Go to the Cisco Product License Registration portal at http://www.cisco.com/go/license and click the Register for an RMA License link. You must have a Cisco.com account before you can access the portal. Step 3 Select the product as Carrier Packet Transport & 15454 and click Goto RMA Portal. Step 4 Provide the UDI and RMA information to the RMA portal. The license portal determines licenses associated with the defective device.
The new license for the working device is sent by email.
Step 5 Install the new license on the working device. Complete the Install and Manage Licences to install the license on the device. Stop. You have completed this procedure.
License Upgrade
To enable all software features, all new or upgraded Cisco devices that require software activation must be registered with Cisco. The registration process converts the PAK to an electronic license file containing a unique key for your hardware device. The license file must then be installed on your device to unlock the product and its features. If you want to extend the number of licenses for the increased number of port or feature usage, you can procure the license as described in the task Cisco Product License Registration.
Additional References
Obtaining Documentation and Submitting a Service Request
For information on obtaining documentation, submitting a service request, and gathering additional information, see the monthly What's New in Cisco Product Documentation, which also lists all new and revised Cisco technical documentation, at: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/general/whatsnew/whatsnew.html
Subscribe to the What's New in Cisco Product Documentation as a Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feed and set content to be delivered directly to your desktop using a reader application. The RSS feeds are a free service and Cisco currently supports RSS version 2.0.
Cisco and the Cisco logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Cisco and/or its affiliates in the U.S. and other countries. To view a list of Cisco trademarks, go to this URL: http://www.cisco.com/go/trademarks. Third-party trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company. (1110R)
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