QoS を実装した PPP リンク上での VoIP（LLQ / IP RTP プライオリティ、LFI、cRTP）

• アクセスリスト（UDP のポート範囲、ホスト アドレス、IP ヘッダーの ToS フィールド:IP Precedence、DSCP、など）
• IP RTP ポート範囲
• IP ToS（タイプ オブ サービス）フィールド：DCSP または IP 優先順位、あるいは、その両方
• プロトコルと入力インターフェイス
• CBWFQ で使用される有効な照合基準すべて

• トラフィックの照合方法と完全 PQ および CBWFQ への分配方法をより柔軟に制御できる。
• 追加のクラスを設定することで他のトラフィック(次を参照)のための帯域幅を保証できます:VoIP シグナリングやビデオ

• 設定が複雑

• RTP UDPポート範囲：16384-32767

• 簡単な設定

• WFQ キューで提供される RTCP トラフィック（VoIP シグナリング）

  注：RTPプロトコルは、RTPパケットの配信を制御するためにRTCP(Real Time Control Protocol)を使用します。RTPポートは偶数を使用しますが、RTCPポートは16384 ～ 32767の範囲の奇数を使用します。IP RTPプライオリティはRTPポートをPQに配置し、RTCPポートはデフォルトの均等化キューでに処理されます。

• VoIP トラフィックは PQ で処理されるが、優先的な取り扱いおよび帯域幅保証を必要とする他のトラフィックはすべて WFQ で処理される。WFQ では重み（IP 優先順位に基づく）によってフローを区別できるが、どのフローの帯域幅も保証することはできません。

• どちらの方法を選択するかは、実際のネットワークでのトラフィック パターンと個々の実質的なニーズに基づきます。
• ボイス トラフィックに完全な優先権を提供する必要があり、他のトラフィックを 1 つのタイプ（データ）として取り扱うことができる場合、そのネットワークには設定が単純な IP RTP プライオリティが向いています。
• UDPポート以外の基準(DiffServ PHBなど)に基づいて音声トラフィックの優先順位を設定する場合は、LLQが必要です。

version 12.2service timestamps debug datetime msec

!-- < Some output omitted >

!
hostname maui-voip-sj
!
ip subnet-zero
!
no ip domain-lookup
!

!-- Definition of the voice signaling and traffic class maps !-- "voice-traffic" class uses access-list 102 for its matching criteria. !-- "voice-signaling" class uses access-list 103 for its matching criteria. 

Class-map match-all voice-signaling
  match access-group 103
class-map match-all voice-traffic
  match access-group 102
!

!-- The policy-map defines how the link resources are assigned !-- to the different map classes. In this configuration, strict priority !-- queue is assigned to "voice-traffic" class with (based on ACL in !-- class voice) with max bandwidth = 45 Kbps. 

policy-map VOICE-POLICY
  class voice-traffic
    priority 48
 class voice-signaling
   bandwidth 8

 !-- Assigns a queue for "voice-signaling" traffic that ensures 8 Kbps. !-- Note that this is optional and has nothing to do with good voice !-- quality, but rather a way to secure signaling.

  class class-default
   fair-queue

!-- The class-default class is used to classify traffic that does !-- not fall into one of the defined classes. !-- The fair-queue command associates the default class WFQ queueing.

!
call rsvp-sync
!

!-- Note that MLPPP is strictly an LFI mechanism. It does not !-- bundle multiple serial interfaces to the same virtual interface as !-- the name stands (This bundling is done for data and NOT recommended !-- for voice). The end result may manifest itself as jitter and no audio.

interface Multilink1
 ip address 172.22.130.1 255.255.255.252
 ip tcp header-compression iphc-format
 service-policy output VOICE-POLICY

 !-- LLQ is an outbound operation and applied to the outbound WAN !-- interface.

 no cdp enable
 ppp multilink
 ppp multilink fragment-delay 10
  
!-- The configured value of 10 sets the fragment size such that !-- all fragments have a 10 ms maximum serialization delay.

 ppp multilink interleave
 multilink-group 1
  ip rtp header-compression iphc-format
!
interface Ethernet0/0
 ip address 172.22.113.3 255.255.255.0
 no keepalive
 half-duplex
!
interface Serial0/0
 bandwidth 128

 !-- the bandwidth command needs to be set correctly for the !-- right fragment size to be calculated.

 no ip address
 encapsulation ppp
 clockrate 128000
 ppp multilink
 multilink-group 1

 !-- This command links the multilink interface to the physical !-- serial interface.

!
router eigrp 69 
 network 172.22.0.0
 auto-summary
 no eigrp log-neighbor-changes
!

!-- access-list 102 matches VoIP traffic based on the UDP port range. !-- Both odd and even ports are put into the PQ. !-- access-list 103 is used to match VoIP signaling protocol. In this !-- case, H.323 V2 with fast start feature is used.

access-list 102 permit udp any any range 16384 32767
access-list 103 permit tcp any eq 1720 any
access-list 103 permit tcp any any eq 1720
!
voice-port 1/0/0
!
voice-port 1/0/1
!
voice-port 1/1/0
!
voice-port 1/1/1
!
dial-peer cor custom
!
dial-peer voice 1 pots
 destination-pattern 5000
 port 1/0/0
!
dial-peer voice 2 voip
 destination-pattern 6000
 session target ipv4:172.22.130.2

version 12.2
service timestamps debug datetime msec
!
hostname maui-voip-austin
!
boot system flash slot1:c3640-is-mz.122-6a.bin
!
ip subnet-zero
!
class-map match-all voice-signaling
  match access-group 103
class-map match-all voice-traffic
  match access-group 102
!
policy-map voice-policy
  class voice-signaling
   bandwidth 8
  class voice-traffic
    priority 48
  class class-default
   fair-queue
!
interface Multilink1
 bandwidth 128
 ip address 172.22.130.2 255.255.255.252
 ip tcp header-compression iphc-format
 service-policy output voice-policy
 no cdp enable
 ppp multilink
 ppp multilink fragment-delay 10
 ppp multilink interleave
 multilink-group 1
 ip rtp header-compression iphc-format

 !-- Configure cRTP after you have a working configuration. !-- This helps isolate potential cRTP issues.

!
Interface Ethernet0/0
 ip address 172.22.112.3 255.255.255.0
 no keepalive
 half-duplex
!
interface Serial0/0
 bandwidth 128
 no ip address
 encapsulation ppp
 no ip mroute-cache
 ppp multilink
 multilink-group 1
!
router eigrp 69
 network 172.22.0.0
 auto-summary
 no eigrp log-neighbor-changes
!
access-list 102 permit udp any any range 16384 32767
access-list 103 permit tcp any eq 1720 any
access-list 103 permit tcp any any eq 1720
!
voice-port 1/0/0
!
voice-port 1/0/1
!
voice-port 1/1/0
!
voice-port 1/1/1
!
dial-peer cor custom
!
dial-peer voice 1 pots
 destination-pattern 6000
 port 1/0/0
!
dial-peer voice 2 voip
 destination-pattern 5000
 session target ipv4:172.22.130.1

!----------------------------------------------- !-----------------------------------------------  !---- To capture sections of this output, the LLQ PQ bandwidth !---- was lowered and large data traffic was placed !---- on the link to force some packets drops. !----------------------------------------------- !----------------------------------------------- !---- Packet Drop Verification (During an Active Call) !--- Assuming your ppp link is up and running, the first step of voice !--- quality problems verification is to check for lost packets !--- at the DSP. Note: Use the show call active voice command !--- NOT show call active voice brief 

 maui-voip-austin#show call active voice
 Total call-legs: 2

  !--- Indicates that the connection is established and both legs exist 

 GENERIC:
          SetupTime=155218260 ms
          Index=1
          PeerAddress=5000
          PeerSubAddress=
          PeerId=2
          PeerIfIndex=13
          LogicalIfIndex=0
          ConnectTime=155218364
          CallDuration=00:00:27
          CallState=4

 !--- indicates that it is the active call !--- (#define D_callActiveCallState_active 4).
          CallOrigin=2
          ChargedUnits=0
          InfoType=2
          TransmitPackets=365
          TransmitBytes=7300
          ReceivePackets=229
          ReceiveBytes=4580

 VOIP:

 !--- For this call, this was the terminating gateway. !--- At this gateway, the call started at the VoIP leg.

          ConnectionId[0x18872BEB 0x1A8911CC 0x808CBE60 0x6D946FC6]
          IncomingConnectionId[0x18872BEB 0x1A8911CC 0x808CBE60 0x6D946FC6]
          RemoteIPAddress=172.22.130.1

 !--- Indicates from which IP address the RTP stream is originating.

          RemoteUDPPort=18778
          RemoteSignallingIPAddress=172.22.130.1

 !--- Indicates from which IP address signaling messages are coming.

          RemoteSignallingPort=11010
          RemoteMediaIPAddress=172.22.130.1
          RemoteMediaPort=18778
          RoundTripDelay=50 ms
          SelectedQoS=best-effort
          tx_DtmfRelay=inband-voice
          FastConnect=TRUE

 Separate H245 Connection=FALSE

 H245 Tunneling=FALSE

 SessionProtocol=cisco
 SessionTarget=
 OnTimeRvPlayout=4570
 GapFillWithSilence=20 ms
 GapFillWithPrediction=1840 ms
 GapFillWithInterpolation=0 ms
 GapFillWithRedundancy=0 ms
 HiWaterPlayoutDelay=70 ms
 LoWaterPlayoutDelay=51 ms
 ReceiveDelay=51 ms
 LostPackets=90
 EarlyPackets=1
 LatePackets=0

 !--- Indicates the precense of jitter, lost packets, or !--- corrupted packets.

 VAD = enabled
 CoderTypeRate=g729r8
 CodecBytes=20

 GENERIC:
          SetupTime=155218260 ms
          Index=2
          PeerAddress=6000
          PeerSubAddress=
          PeerId=1
          PeerIfIndex=12
          LogicalIfIndex=6
          ConnectTime=155218364
          CallDuration=00:00:34
          CallState=4
          CallOrigin=1
          ChargedUnits=0
          InfoType=2
          TransmitPackets=229
          TransmitBytes=4580
          ReceivePackets=365
          ReceiveBytes=7300
 TELE:
          ConnectionId=[0x18872BEB 0x1A8911CC 0x808CBE60 0x6D946FC6]
          IncomingConnectionId=[0x18872BEB 0x1A8911CC 0x808CBE60 0x6D946FC6]
          TxDuration=35360 ms
          VoiceTxDuration=730 ms
          FaxTxDuration=0 ms
          CoderTypeRate=g729r8
          NoiseLevel=-46
          ACOMLevel=2
          OutSignalLevel=-58
          InSignalLevel=-42
          InfoActivity=2
          ERLLevel=7
          SessionTarget=
          ImgPages=0Total call-legs: 2



 !---------------------------------------------------------- !--- Interface Verification !--- Make sure you see this: !--- LCP Open, multilink Open: Link control protocol (LCP) open statement !--- indicates that the connection is establish. !--- Open:IPCP. Indicates that IP traffic can be transmitted via the PPP link.


 maui-voip-sj#show interface multilink 1

 Multilink1 is up, line protocol is up
   Hardware is multilink group interface
   Internet address is 172.22.130.1/30
   MTU 1500 bytes, BW 128 Kbit, DLY 100000 usec,
      reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
   Encapsulation PPP, loopback not set
   Keepalive set (10 sec)
   DTR is pulsed for 2 seconds on reset
   LCP Open, multilink Open
   Open: IPCP
   Last input 00:00:01, output never, output hang never
   Last clearing of "show interface" counters 00:25:20
   Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 91
   Queueing strategy: weighted fair
   Output queue: 0/1000/64/37/383 (size/max total/threshold/drops/interleaves)
      Conversations  0/3/32 (active/max active/max total)
      Reserved Conversations 1/1 (allocated/max allocated)
      Available Bandwidth 38 kilobits/sec
   5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
   5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
      8217 packets input, 967680 bytes, 0 no buffer
      Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
      0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
      13091 packets output, 1254194 bytes, 0 underruns
      0 output errors, 0 collisions, 0 interface resets
      0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
      0 carrier transitions
----------------------------------------------------------------

!-- Note: There are no drops at the interface level. !-- All traffic that is dropped due to policing, is !-- dropped before it gets to the interface queue.


maui-voip-austin#show interface
 serial 0/0Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
  Hardware is QUICC Serial
  MTU 1500 bytes, BW 128 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,
     reliability 255/255, txload 49/255, rxload 47/255
  Encapsulation PPP, loopback not set
  Keepalive set (10 sec)
  LCP Open, multilink Open
  Last input 00:00:00, output 00:00:00, output hang never
  Last clearing of "show interface" counters 00:22:08
  Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
  Queueing strategy: weighted fair  [suspended, using FIFO]
  FIFO output queue 0/40, 0 drops
  5 minute input rate 24000 bits/sec, 20 packets/sec
  5 minute output rate 25000 bits/sec, 20 packets/sec     4851 packets input, 668983 bytes, 0 no buffer
     Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
     0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
     4586 packets output, 657902 bytes, 0 underruns
     0 output errors, 0 collisions, 0 interface resets
     0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
     0 carrier transitions
     DCD=up  DSR=up  DTR=up  RTS=up  CTS=up


!----------------------------------- !--- LLQ Verification 


maui-voip-austin#show policy-map int multilink 1
 Multilink1
 Service-policy output: voice-policy

 Class-map: voice-signaling (match-all)

!--- This is the class for the voice signaling traffic.

         10 packets, 744 bytes
         5 minute offered rate 0 BPS, drop rate 0 BPS
         Match: access-group 103
         Weighted Fair Queueing
         Output Queue: Conversation 42
         Bandwidth 8 (kbps) Max Threshold 64 (packets)
         (pkts matched/bytes matched) 10/744
         (depth/total drops/no-buffer drops) 0/0/0

 Class-map: voice-traffic (match-all)

!--- This is PQ class for the voice traffic.

         458 packets, 32064 bytes
         5 minute offered rate 0 BPS, drop rate 0 BPS
         Match: access-group 102
         Weighted Fair Queueing
         Strict Priority
         Output Queue: Conversation 40
         Bandwidth 15 (kbps) Burst 375 (Bytes)
!--- Notice that the PQ bandwidth was lowered to force packet drops.
         (pkts matched/bytes matched) 458/29647
         (total drops/bytes drops) 91/5890
!--- Some packets were dropped. In a well designed link,
!--- there should be no (or few) drops of the PQ class.

 Class-map: class-default (match-any)
         814 packets, 731341 bytes
         5 minute offered rate 27000 BPS, drop rate 0 BPSMatch: any
         Weighted Fair Queueing
         Flow Based Fair Queueing
         Maximum Number of Hashed Queues 32
         (total queued/total drops/no-buffer drops) 0/0/0

!---------------------------------------------


!--- Verify the class-map configuration

maui-voip-austin#show class-map
 Class Map match-all voice-signaling (id 2)
   Match access-group  103
 Class Map match-any class-default (id 0)
         Match any
 Class Map match-all voice-traffic(id 3)
         Match access-group 102


!--- Verify the access-lists of the class-maps

maui-voip-austin#show access-lists
Extended IP access list 102
    permit udp any any range 16384 32767 (34947 matches)
Extended IP access list 103
    permit tcp any eq 1720 any (187 matches)
    permit tcp any any eq 1720 (86 matches)


!--- Verify the policy-pap configuration

maui-voip-austin#show policy-map voice-policy
  Policy Map voice-policy
    Class voice-signaling
      Weighted Fair Queueing
            Bandwidth 8 (kbps) Max Threshold 64 (packets)
    Class voice-traffic
      Weighted Fair Queueing
            Strict Priority
            Bandwidth 50 (kbps) Burst 1250 (Bytes)
    Class class-default
      Weighted Fair Queueing
            Flow based Fair Queueing Max Threshold 64 (packets)
---------------------------

!--- Debug priority command provides immediate feedback in case !--- of VoIP packet drops. !--- The output below shows the error message when VoIP packets !--- are being dropped from the strict priority queue. 

maui-voip-sj#debug priority

priority output queueing debugging is on
maui-voip-sj#
Mar 17 19:47:09.947: WFQ: dropping a packet from the priority queue 0
Mar 17 19:47:09.967: WFQ: dropping a packet from the priority queue 0
Mar 17 19:47:09.987: WFQ: dropping a packet from the priority queue 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------


 !--- Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI) Verification 


maui-voip-sj#show ppp multilink

!--- Verify the fragmentation size and multilink

Multilink1, bundle name is maui-voip-austin
         Bundle up for 00:08:04
         0 lost fragments, 0 reordered, 0 unassigned
         0 discarded, 0 lost received, 1/255 load
         0x6D received sequence, 0x6E sent sequence
         Member links: 1 active, 0 inactive (max not set, min not set)
         Serial0/0, since 00:08:09, last rcvd seq 00006C 160 weight

 !--- Notice the fragmentation size is 160 Bytes. The link is configured with a !--- bandwidth of 128 kbps and a serialization delay of 10 msec. !--- Fragment Size (in bits) = bandwidth * serialization delay. !--- Note: There are 8 bits in one byte.


-------------------------------------------------------

 !--- Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI) Verification !--- Testing Multilink PPP Link LFI !--- This output displays fragmentation and interleaving information !--- when the the 128kbps PPP link is loaded with big data and VoIP packets.

maui-voip-sj#debug ppp multilink fragments
Multilink fragments debugging is on

1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: O frag 800004CF size 160
1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: O frag 000004D0 size 160
1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: I ppp IP (0021) size 64 direct
1w3d: Mu1 MLP: Packet interleaved from queue 40
1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: O ppp IP (0021) size 64
1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: I ppp IP (0021) size 64 direct
1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: O frag 400004D1 size 106
1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: O ppp IP (0021) size 64
1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: I ppp IP (0021) size 64 direct
1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: O ppp IP (0021) size 64 direct
1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: I frag 800004E0 size 160 direct
1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: I frag 000004E1 size 160 direct
1w3d: Se0/0 MLP: I ppp IP (0021) size 64 direct
-------------------------------------------------------------------


!--- Sample output of show ip rtp header-compression command

maui-voip-sj#show ip tcp header-compression
TCP/IP header compression statistics:  Interface Multilink1:
    Rcvd:    10 total, 6 compressed, 0 errors
             0 dropped, 0 buffer copies, 0 buffer failures
    Sent:    10 total, 7 compressed,
             230 bytes saved, 99 bytes sent
             3.32 efficiency improvement factor
    Connect: 16 rx slots, 16 tx slots,
             2 long searches, 1 misses 0 collisions, 0 negative cache hits
             90% hit ratio, five minute miss rate 0 misses/sec, 0 max

----------------------------------------------------------------------


!--- This command displays information of the voip dial-peers command.

maui-voip-sj#show dial-peer voice 2
VoiceOverIpPeer2
        information type = voice,
        tag = 2, destination-pattern = `6000',
        answer-address = `', preference=0,
        group = 2, Admin state is up, Operation state is up,
        incoming called-number = `', connections/maximum = 0/unlimited,
        application associated:
        type = voip, session-tMarget = `ipv4:172.22.130.2',
        technology prefix:
        ip precedence = 0, UDP checksum = disabled,
        session-protocol = cisco, req-qos = best-effort,
        acc-qos = best-effort,
        fax-rate = voice,   payload size =  20 bytes
        codec = g729r8,   payload size =  20 bytes,
        Expect factor = 10, Icpif = 30,signaling-type = cas,
        VAD = enabled, Poor QOV Trap = disabled,
        Connect Time = 283, Charged Units = 0,
        Successful Calls = 1, Failed Calls = 0,
        Accepted Calls = 1, Refused Calls = 0,
        Last Disconnect Cause is "10  ",
        Last Disconnect Text is "normal call clearing.",
        Last Setup Time = 93793451.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

!---The CPU utilization of the router should not exceed the 50-60 percent !--- during any five-minute interval.

maui-voip-austin#show processes cpu
CPU utilization for five seconds: 12%/8%; one minute: 11%; five minutes: 9%
 PID Runtime(ms)   Invoked      uSecs   5Sec   1Min   5Min TTY Process
   1         148    310794          0  0.00%  0.00%  0.00%   0 Load Meter
   2          76        23       3304  0.81%  0.07%  0.01%   0 Exec