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This chapter describes how to configure web-based authentication on the device. It contains these sections:
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Web-Based Authentication Overview
Use the web-based authentication feature, known as web authentication proxy, to authenticate end users on host systems that do not run the
IEEE 802.1x supplicant.
Note
You can configure web-based authentication on Layer 2 and Layer 3 interfaces.
When you initiate an HTTP session, web-based authentication intercepts ingress HTTP packets from the host and sends an HTML
login page to the users. The users enter their credentials, which the web-based authentication feature sends to the authentication,
authorization, and accounting (AAA) server for authentication.
If authentication succeeds, web-based authentication sends a Login-Successful HTML page to the host and applies the access
policies returned by the AAA server.
If authentication fails, web-based authentication forwards a Login-Fail HTML page to the user, prompting the user to retry
the login. If the user exceeds the maximum number of attempts, web-based authentication forwards a Login-Expired HTML page
to the host, and the user is placed on a watch list for a waiting period.
Note
HTTPS traffic interception for central web authentication redirect is not supported.
Note
You should use global parameter-map (for method-type, custom, and redirect) only for using the same web authentication methods
like consent, web consent, and webauth, for all the clients and SSIDs. This ensures that all the clients have the same web-authentication
method.
If the requirement is to use Consent for one SSID and Web-authentication for another SSID, then you should use two named parameter-maps.
You should configure Consent in first parameter-map and configure webauth in second parameter-map.
Note
The traceback that
you receive when webauth client tries to do authentication does not have any
performance or behavioral impact. It happens rarely when the context for which
FFM replied back to EPM for ACL application is already dequeued (possibly due
to timer expiry) and the session becomes ‘unauthorized’.
Based on where the web pages are hosted, the local web authention can be categorozied as follows:
Internal—The internal default HTML pages (Login, Success, Fail, and Expire) in the controller are used during the local web authentication.
Customized—The customized web pages (Login, Success, Fail, and Expire) are downloaded onto the controller and used during the local
web authentication.
External—The customized web pages are hosted on the external web server instead of using the in-built or custom web pages.
Based on the various web authentication pages, the types of web authentication are as follows:
Webauth—This is a basic web authentication. Herein, the controller presents a policy page with the user name and password. You need
to enter the correct credentials to access the network.
Consent or web-passthrough—Herein, the controller presents a policy page with the Accept or Deny buttons. You need to click the Accept button to access
the network.
Webconsent—This is a combination of webauth and consent web authentication types. Herein, the controller presents a policy page with
Accept or Deny buttons along with user name or password. You need to enter the correct credentials and click the Accept button
to access the network.
Device Roles
With web-based authentication, the devices in the network have these specific roles:
Client—The device (workstation) that requests access to the LAN and the services and responds to requests from the switch. The workstation
must be running an HTML browser with Java Script enabled.
Authentication server—Authenticates the client. The authentication server validates the identity of the client and notifies the switch that the
client is authorized to access the LAN and the switch services or that the client is denied.
Switch—Controls the physical access to the network based on the authentication status of the client. The switch acts as an intermediary
(proxy) between the client and the authentication server, requesting identity information from the client, verifying that
information with the authentication server, and relaying a response to the client.
Figure 1. Web-Based Authentication Device Roles. This figure shows the roles of these devices in a network.
Host Detection
The switch maintains an IP
device tracking table to store information about detected hosts.
For Layer 2 interfaces,
web-based authentication detects IP hosts by using these mechanisms:
ARP based trigger—ARP
redirect ACL allows web-based authentication to detect hosts with a static IP
address or a dynamic IP address.
Dynamic ARP inspection
DHCP snooping—Web-based
authentication is notified when the switch creates a DHCP-binding entry for the
host.
Session Creation
When web-based authentication detects a new host, it creates a session as follows:
Reviews the exception list.
If the host IP is included in the exception list, the policy from the exception list entry is applied, and the session is
established.
Reviews for authorization bypass
If the host IP is not on the exception list, web-based authentication sends a nonresponsive-host (NRH) request to the server.
If the server response is access accepted, authorization is bypassed for this host. The session is established.
Sets up the HTTP intercept ACL
If the server response to the NRH request is access rejected, the HTTP intercept ACL is activated, and the session waits for
HTTP traffic from the host.
Authentication Process
When you enable web-based
authentication, these events occur:
The user initiates an HTTP
session.
The HTTP traffic is
intercepted, and authorization is initiated. The switch sends the login page to
the user. The user enters a username and password, and the switch sends the
entries to the authentication server.
If the authentication
succeeds, the switch downloads and activates the user’s access policy from the
authentication server. The login success page is sent to the user.
If the authentication fails,
the switch sends the login fail page. The user retries the login. If the
maximum number of attempts fails, the switch sends the login expired page, and
the host is placed in a watch list. After the watch list times out, the user
can retry the authentication process.
If the authentication server
does not respond to the switch, and if an AAA fail policy is configured, the
switch applies the failure access policy to the host. The login success page is
sent to the user.
The switch reauthenticates a
client when the host does not respond to an ARP probe on a Layer 2 interface,
or when the host does not send any traffic within the idle timeout on a Layer 3
interface.
The feature applies the
downloaded timeout or the locally configured session timeout.
Note
Beginning with
Cisco IOS XE Denali 16.1.1 and later, the default session timeout value for
web-based authentication on WLC is 1800 seconds. The default session timeout
value was infinite seconds, prior to Cisco IOS XE Denali 16.1.1.
If the terminate action is
RADIUS, the feature sends a nonresponsive host (NRH) request to the server. The
terminate action is included in the response from the server.
If the terminate action is
default, the session is dismantled, and the applied policy is removed.
Local Web Authentication Banner
With Web Authentication, you
can create a default and customized web-browser banners that appears when you
log in to a switch.
The banner appears on both
the login page and the authentication-result pop-up pages. The default banner
messages are as follows:
Authentication
Successful
Authentication
Failed
Authentication
Expired
The Local Web Authentication Banner can be configured in legacy and new-style (Session-aware) CLIs as follows:
Legacy mode—Use the ip admission auth-proxy-banner http global configuration command.
New-style mode—Use the parameter-map type webauth global bannerglobal configuration command.
The default banner
Cisco Systems
and
Switch host-name
Authentication appear on the Login Page.
Cisco Systems
appears on the authentication result pop-up page.
Figure 2. Authentication Successful
Banner
The banner can be customized
as follows:
Add a message, such as
switch, router, or company name to the banner:
Legacy mode—Use the ip admission auth-proxy-banner httpbanner-textglobal configuration command.
Add a logo or text file to the banner:
Legacy mode—Use the ip admission auth-proxy-banner httpfile-path global configuration command.
Figure 3. Customized Web
Banner
If you do not enable a
banner, only the username and password dialog boxes appear in the web
authentication login screen, and no banner appears when you log into the
switch.
Figure 4. Login Screen With No
Banner
Web Authentication Customizable Web Pages
During the web-based authentication process, the switch internal HTTP server hosts four HTML pages to deliver to an authenticating client. The
server uses these pages to notify you of these four-authentication process states:
Login—Your credentials are requested.
Success—The login was successful.
Fail—The login failed.
Expire—The login session has expired because of excessive login failures.
Guidelines
You can substitute your own
HTML pages for the default internal HTML pages.
You can use a logo or specify
text in the
login,
success,
failure,
and
expire web
pages.
On the banner page, you can
specify text in the login page.
The pages are in HTML.
You must include an HTML
redirect command in the success page to access a specific URL.
The URL string must be a
valid URL (for example, http://www.cisco.com). An incomplete URL might cause
page not
found or similar errors on a web browser.
If you configure web pages
for HTTP authentication, they must include the appropriate HTML commands (for
example, to set the page time out, to set a hidden password, or to confirm that
the same page is not submitted twice).
The CLI command to redirect
users to a specific URL is not available when the configured login form is
enabled. The administrator should ensure that the redirection is configured in
the web page.
If the CLI command
redirecting users to specific URL after authentication occurs is entered and
then the command configuring web pages is entered, the CLI command redirecting
users to a specific URL does not take effect.
Configured web pages can be
copied to the switch boot flash or flash.
The login page can be on one
flash, and the success and failure pages can be another flash (for example, the
flash on the stack master or a member).
You must configure all four
pages.
The banner page has no effect
if it is configured with the web page.
All of the logo files (image,
flash, audio, video, and so on) that are stored in the system directory (for
example, flash, disk0, or disk) and that must be displayed on the login page
must use
web_auth_<filename> as the file name.
The configured authentication
proxy feature supports both HTTP and SSL.
You can substitute your HTML
pages for the default internal HTML pages. You can also specify a URL to which
users are redirected after authentication occurs, which replaces the internal
Success page.
Figure 5. Customizable Authentication
Page
Authentication Proxy
Web Page Guidelines
When configuring customized
authentication proxy web pages, follow these guidelines:
To enable the custom web
pages feature, specify all four custom HTML files. If you specify fewer than
four files, the internal default HTML pages are used.
The four custom HTML files
must be present on the flash memory of the switch. The maximum size of each
HTML file is 8 KB.
Any images on the custom
pages must be on an accessible HTTP server. Configure an intercept ACL within
the admission rule.
Any external link from a
custom page requires configuration of an intercept ACL within the admission
rule.
To access a valid DNS server,
any name resolution required for external links or images requires
configuration of an intercept ACL within the admission rule.
If the custom web pages
feature is enabled, a configured auth-proxy-banner is not used.
If the custom web pages
feature is enabled, the redirection URL for successful login feature is not
available.
To remove the specification
of a custom file, use the
no form of the command.
Because the custom login page
is a public web form, consider these guidelines for the page:
The login form must accept
user entries for the username and password and must show them as
uname and
pwd.
The custom login page should
follow best practices for a web form, such as page timeout, hidden password,
and prevention of redundant submissions.
Redirection URL for Successful Login Guidelines
When configuring a redirection URL for successful login, consider these guidelines:
If the custom authentication proxy web pages feature is enabled, the redirection URL feature is disabled and is not available
in the CLI. You can perform redirection in the custom-login success page.
If the redirection URL feature is enabled, a configured auth-proxy-banner is not used.
To remove the specification of a redirection URL, use the no form of the command.
If the redirection URL is required after the web-based authentication client is successfully authenticated, then the URL
string must start with a valid URL (for example, http://) followed by the URL information. If only the URL is given without
http://, then the redirection URL on successful authentication might cause page not found or similar errors on a web browser.
Web-based Authentication Interactions with Other Features
Port Security
You can configure web-based
authentication and port security on the same port. Web-based authentication
authenticates the port, and port security manages network access for all MAC
addresses, including that of the client. You can then limit the number or group
of clients that can access the network through the port.
LAN Port IP
You can configure LAN port IP (LPIP) and Layer 2 web-based authentication on the same port. The host is authenticated by using
web-based authentication first, followed by LPIP posture validation. The LPIP host policy overrides the web-based authentication
host policy.
If the web-based authentication idle timer expires, the NAC policy is removed. The host is authenticated, and posture is
validated again.
Gateway IP
You cannot configure Gateway IP (GWIP) on a Layer 3 VLAN interface if web-based authentication is configured on any of the
switch ports in the VLAN.
You can configure web-based authentication on the same Layer 3 interface as Gateway IP. The host policies for both features
are applied in software. The GWIP policy overrides the web-based authentication host policy.
ACLs
If you configure a VLAN ACL
or a Cisco IOS ACL on an interface, the ACL is applied to the host traffic only
after the web-based authentication host policy is applied.
For Layer 2 web-based
authentication, it is more secure, though not required, to configure a port ACL
(PACL) as the default access policy for ingress traffic from hosts connected to
the port. After authentication, the web-based authentication host policy
overrides the PACL. The Policy ACL is applied to the session even if there is
no ACL configured on the port.
You cannot configure a MAC
ACL and web-based authentication on the same interface.
You cannot configure
web-based authentication on a port whose access VLAN is configured for VACL
capture.
Context-Based Access Control
Web-based authentication cannot be configured on a Layer 2 port if context-based access control (CBAC) is configured on the
Layer 3 VLAN interface of the port VLAN.
EtherChannel
You can configure web-based authentication on a Layer 2 EtherChannel interface. The web-based authentication configuration
applies to all member channels.
How to Configure Web-Based Authentication
Default Web-Based Authentication Configuration
The following table shows the default web-based authentication configuration.
Web-Based Authentication Configuration Guidelines and
Restrictions
Web-based authentication is an ingress-only feature.
You can configure web-based authentication only on access ports. Web-based authentication is not supported on trunk ports,
EtherChannel member ports, or dynamic trunk ports.
External web authentication, where the switch redirects a client to a particular host or web server for displaying login message,
is not supported.
You cannot authenticate hosts on Layer 2 interfaces with static ARP cache assignment. These hosts are not detected by the
web-based authentication feature because they do not send ARP messages.
By default, the IP device tracking feature is disabled on a switch. You must enable the IP device tracking feature to use
web-based authentication.
You must enable SISF-Based device tracking to use web-based authentication. By default, SISF-Based device tracking is disabled
on a switch.
You must configure at least one IP address to run the switch HTTP server. You must also configure routes to reach each host
IP address. The HTTP server sends the HTTP login page to the host.
Hosts that are more than one hop away might experience traffic disruption if an STP topology change results in the host traffic
arriving on a different port. This occurs because the ARP and DHCP updates might not be sent after a Layer 2 (STP) topology
change.
Web-based authentication does not support VLAN assignment as a downloadable-host policy.
Web-based authentication supports IPv6 in Session-aware policy mode. IPv6 Web-authentication requires at least one IPv6 address
configured on the switch and IPv6 Snooping configured on the switchport.
Web-based authentication and Network Edge Access Topology (NEAT) are mutually exclusive. You cannot use web-based authentication
when NEAT is enabled on an interface, and you cannot use NEAT when web-based authentication is running on an interface.
Identify the following RADIUS security server settings that will be used while configuring switch-to-RADIUS-server communication:
Host name
Host IP address
Host name and specific UDP port numbers
IP address and specific UDP port numbers
The combination of the IP address and UDP port number creates a unique identifier, that enables RADIUS requests to be sent
to multiple UDP ports on a server at the same IP address. If two different host entries on the same RADIUS server are configured
for the same service (for example, authentication) the second host entry that is configured functions as the failover backup
to the first one. The RADIUS host entries are chosen in the order that they were configured.
When you configure the RADIUS server parameters:
Specify the keystring on a separate command line.
For keystring, specify the authentication and encryption key used between the switch and the RADIUS daemon running on the RADIUS server.
The key is a text string that must match the encryption key used on the RADIUS server.
When you specify the keystring, use spaces within and at the end of the key. If you use spaces in the key, do not enclose the key in quotation marks unless
the quotation marks are part of the key. This key must match the encryption used on the RADIUS daemon.
You can globally configure the timeout, retransmission, and encryption key values for all RADIUS servers by using with the
radius-server host global configuration command. If you want to configure these options on a per-server basis, use the radius-server timeout, radius-server transmit, and the radius-server key global configuration commands.
Note
You need to configure some settings on the RADIUS server, including: the switch IP address, the key string to be shared by
both the server and the switch, and the downloadable ACL (DACL). For more information, see the RADIUS server documentation.
For a URL redirect ACL:
Packets that match a permit access control entry (ACE) rule are sent to the CPU for forwarding to the AAA server.
Packets that match a deny ACE rule are forwarded through the switch.
Packets that match neither the permit ACE rule or deny ACE rule are processed by the next dACL, and if there is no dACL, the
packets hit the implicit-deny ACL and are dropped.
Configuring the Authentication Rule and Interfaces
Follow these steps to configure the authentication rule and interfaces:
Before you begin
SISF-Based device tracking is a prerequisite to Web Authentication. Ensure that you have enabled device tracking programmatically
or manually.
For more information, see Confguring SISF-Based Tracking.
Procedure
Command or Action
Purpose
Step 1
enable
Example:
Device> enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
Enter your password if prompted.
Step 2
configureterminal
Example:
Device# configure terminal
Enters global configuration mode.
Step 3
ip admissionnamenameproxyhttp
Example:
Device(config)# ip admission name webauth1 proxy http
Configures an authentication rule for web-based authorization.
Step 4
interfacetypeslot/port
Example:
Device(config)# interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1
Enters interface configuration mode and specifies the ingress Layer 2 or Layer 3 interface to be enabled for web-based authentication.
type can be fastethernet, gigabit ethernet, or tengigabitethernet.
Step 5
ip access-groupname
Example:
Device(config-if)# ip access-group webauthag
Applies the default ACL.
Step 6
ip admissionname
Example:
Device(config)# ip admission name
Configures an authentication rule for web-based authorization for the interface.
Step 7
end
Example:
Device(config)# end
Returns to
privileged EXEC mode.
Step 8
show ip admission
Example:
Device# show ip admission
Displays the configuration.
Step 9
copy running-config
startup-config
Example:
Device# copy running-config startup-config
(Optional) Saves your entries
in the configuration file.
Configuring AAA Authentication
Procedure
Command or Action
Purpose
Step 1
enable
Example:
Device> enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
Enter your password if prompted.
Step 2
configureterminal
Example:
Device# configure terminal
Enters global configuration mode.
Step 3
aaa new-model
Example:
Device(config)# aaa new-model
Enables AAA functionality.
Step 4
aaa authentication login default group {tacacs+ | radius}
Example:
Device(config)# aaa authentication login default group tacacs+
Defines the list of authentication methods at login.
named_authentication_list refers to any name that is not greater than 31 characters.
AAA_group_name refers to the server group name. You need to define the server-group server_name at the beginning itself.
Step 5
aaa authorization auth-proxy default group {tacacs+ | radius}
Example:
Device(config)# aaa authorization auth-proxy default group tacacs+
Creates an authorization method list for web-based authorization.
Specifies the number of unanswered sent messages to a RADIUS server before considering the server to be inactive. The range
of num-tries is 1 to 100.
Step 9
end
Example:
Device(config)# end
Returns to
privileged EXEC mode.
Configuring the HTTP Server
To use web-based authentication, you must enable the HTTP server within the Device. You can enable the server for either HTTP or HTTPS.
Note
The Apple psuedo-browser will not open if you configure only the
ip http secure-server command. You should
also configure the
ip http server command.
Follow these steps to enable
the server for either HTTP or HTTPS:
Procedure
Command or Action
Purpose
Step 1
enable
Example:
Device> enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
Enter your password if prompted.
Step 2
configureterminal
Example:
Device# configure terminal
Enters global configuration mode.
Step 3
ip http
server
Example:
Device(config)# ip http server
Enables the HTTP server. The web-based authentication feature uses the HTTP server to communicate with the hosts for user authentication.
Step 4
ip http
secure-server
Example:
Device(config)# ip http secure-server
Enables HTTPS.
You can configure custom
authentication proxy web pages or specify a redirection URL for successful
login.
Note
To ensure secure
authentication when you enter the
ip http
secure-server command, the login page is always in HTTPS (secure HTTP) even
if the user sends an HTTP request.
Step 5
end
Example:
Device(config)# end
Returns to
privileged EXEC mode.
Customizing the Authentication Proxy Web Pages
You can configure web
authentication to display four substitute HTML pages to the user in place of
the
Device default
HTML pages during web-based authentication.
Follow these steps to specify
the use of your custom authentication proxy web pages:
Before you begin
Store your custom
HTML files on the
Device flash
memory.
Procedure
Command or Action
Purpose
Step 1
enable
Example:
Device> enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
Enter your password if prompted.
Step 2
configureterminal
Example:
Device# configure terminal
Enters global configuration mode.
Step 3
ip admission proxy
http login page filedevice:login-filename
Example:
Device(config)# ip admission proxy http login page file disk1:login.htm
Specifies the
location in the
Device memory
file system of the custom HTML file to use in place of the default login page.
The
device: is flash memory.
Step 4
ip admission proxy
http success page filedevice:success-filename
Example:
Device(config)# ip admission proxy http success page file disk1:success.htm
Specifies the
location of the custom HTML file to use in place of the default login success
page.
Step 5
ip admission proxy
http failure page filedevice:fail-filename
Example:
Device(config)# ip admission proxy http fail page file disk1:fail.htm
Specifies the
location of the custom HTML file to use in place of the default login failure
page.
Step 6
ip admission proxy
http login expired page filedevice:expired-filename
Example:
Device(config)# ip admission proxy http login expired page file disk1:expired.htm
Specifies the
location of the custom HTML file to use in place of the default login expired
page.
Step 7
end
Example:
Device(config)# end
Returns to
privileged EXEC mode.
Specifying a Redirection URL for Successful Login
Follow these steps to specify
a URL to which the user is redirected after authentication, effectively
replacing the internal Success HTML page:
Procedure
Command or Action
Purpose
Step 1
enable
Example:
Device> enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
Enter your password if prompted.
Step 2
configureterminal
Example:
Device# configure terminal
Enters global configuration mode.
Step 3
ip admission proxy
http success redirecturl-string
Example:
Device(config)# ip admission proxy http success redirect www.example.com
Specifies a URL
for redirection of the user in place of the default login success page.
Step 4
end
Example:
Device(config)# end
Returns to
privileged EXEC mode.
Configuring the Web-Based Authentication Parameters
Follow these steps to configure the maximum number of failed login attempts before the client is placed in a watch list for a waiting period:
Procedure
Command or Action
Purpose
Step 1
enable
Example:
Device> enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
Enter your password if prompted.
Step 2
configureterminal
Example:
Device# configure terminal
Enters global configuration mode.
Step 3
ip admission max-login-attemptsnumber
Example:
Device(config)# ip admission max-login-attempts 10
Sets the maximum number of failed login attempts. The range is 1 to 2147483647 attempts. The default is 5.
Step 4
end
Example:
Device(config)# end
Returns to
privileged EXEC mode.
Step 5
show running-config
Example:
Device# show running-config
Verifies your entries.
Step 6
copy running-config
startup-config
Example:
Device# copy running-config startup-config
(Optional) Saves your entries
in the configuration file.
Configuring a Web-Based Authentication Local Banner
Follow these steps to configure a local banner on a switch that has web authentication configured.
Procedure
Command or Action
Purpose
Step 1
enable
Example:
Device> enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
Enter your password if prompted.
Step 2
configureterminal
Example:
Device# configure terminal
Enters global configuration mode.
Step 3
ip admission
auth-proxy-banner http [banner-text |
file-path]
Example:
Device(config)# ip admission auth-proxy-banner http C My Switch C
Enables the local
banner.
(Optional) Create a custom
banner by entering
C banner-text C
(where
C is a
delimiting character), or
file-path
that indicates a file (for example, a logo or text file) that appears in the
banner.
Step 4
end
Example:
Device(config)# end
Returns to
privileged EXEC mode.
Step 5
show running-config
Example:
Device# show running-config
Verifies your entries.
Step 6
copy running-config
startup-config
Example:
Device# copy running-config startup-config
(Optional) Saves your entries
in the configuration file.
Removing Web-Based Authentication Cache Entries
Follow these steps
to remove web-based authentication cache entries:
Procedure
Command or Action
Purpose
Step 1
enable
Example:
Device> enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
Enter your password if prompted.
Step 2
clear ip auth-proxy
cache {* |
host ip
address}
Example:
Device# clear ip auth-proxy cache 192.168.4.5
Delete
authentication proxy entries. Use an asterisk to delete all cache entries.
Enter a specific IP address to delete the entry for a single host.
Step 3
clear ip admission
cache {* |
host ip
address}
Example:
Device# clear ip admission cache 192.168.4.5
Delete
authentication proxy entries. Use an asterisk to delete all cache entries.
Enter a specific IP address to delete the entry for a single host.
Monitoring Web-Based
Authentication Status
Use the commands in
this topic to display the web-based authentication settings for all interfaces
or for specific ports.
Table 2. Privileged EXEC
show Commands
Command
Purpose
show
authentication sessions method webauth
Displays the
web-based authentication settings for all interfaces for fastethernet,
gigabitethernet, or tengigabitethernet
show authentication
sessionsinterfacetype slot/port[details]
Displays the
web-based authentication settings for the specified interface for fastethernet,
gigabitethernet, or tengigabitethernet.
In Session
Aware Networking mode, use the
show
access-session interface command.
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