配置EIGRP以影响路径选择
简介
本文档介绍通过影响不同的增强型内部网关路由协议(EIGRP)功能来创建首选路径的过程。
先决条件
要求
Cisco 建议您了解以下主题：
- 基本IP路由知识
- EIGRP协议知识
- 了解Cisco IOS®XE命令行界面(CLI)
使用的组件
本文档不限于特定的软件和硬件版本，但本文档中的信息基于以下软件和硬件版本：
- 路由器ASR 1000
- 路由器ISR 4000
- 思科IOS XE 17.9.x
本文档中的信息都是基于特定实验室环境中的设备编写的。本文档中使用的所有设备最初均采用原始（默认）配置。如果您的网络处于活动状态，请确保您了解所有命令的潜在影响。
背景信息
EIGRP路径选择可能受到协议用来确定到达目的地的最佳路径的各种度量的影响。EIGRP根据不同的度量计算到达目标的最佳路径，路径选择过程包括评估这些度量以确定最佳路由。EIGRP度量包括带宽、延迟、负载、可靠性和最大传输单位(MTU)。了解这些度量及其重要性有助于网络管理员根据特定要求或网络条件修改EIGRP路径选择。默认情况下，根据不同的度量值，EIGRP仅使用通往目的网络的路径上的最小带宽和计算路由度量的总延迟。此外，带宽和延迟度量是根据接口上配置的静态值来确定的，这些静态值来自沿路径到达目的地的设备，换句话说，这两个参数不是动态测量的。
除了度量控制，路由过滤还可用于影响EIGRP中的路径选择。路由过滤包括控制允许或拒绝进入或退出路由器路由表的信息。过滤路由可以因各种原因完成，包括优化路由表或管理网络流量。与EIGRP中的路由过滤相关的一些关键功能包括：分发列表、前缀列表、路由映射和泄漏映射。这些机制为控制路由信息提供了一种强大而灵活的方式，网络管理员可以使用这些方式定制EIGRP路由表，以满足特定标准并提高网络效率。
场景
在路由协议不断变化的环境中，管理员经常会发现自己需要定制路由决策以符合特定网络要求并优化流量。这涉及利用各种技术和配置来影响路由器做出路径选择决策的方式。以下示例提供了不同的替代方案，管理员可以采用策略配置来控制EIGRP路径选择。
1.影响力通过修改延迟度量来选择路径
通过调整路由器接口上的延迟度量，管理员可以通过影响链路上的此特定参数来影响路由决策。这种微妙的操作可以引导流量根据更改的延迟值选择首选路径。
2.使用偏移列表影响路径选择
使用偏移列表能够选择性地修改特定前缀的度量，从而提供影响特定接口上路径选择的针对性方法。此机制用于增加通过EIGRP获知的路由的传入和传出度量，并有选择地首选特定路径上的某些前缀。
3.通过汇总影响路径选择
引入总结路由后，管理员可以影响前缀的最长匹配优先级。路由总结会影响路由决策的精细度，优化路由表并提高整体网络效率。
4.使用漏洞映射影响路径选择
在通告总结路由的过程中利用泄漏映射提供了选择性地通告更具体的路由的机制。此方法可确保策略性地通告汇总信息，从而保持路由灵活性并影响路径选择。
5.通过修改前缀的管理距离(AD)影响路径选择
更改前缀的管理距离是控制路由信息来源的一项有用技术。在需要从路由信息库(RIB)中排除来自某些源的路由的情况下，此功能尤其有用。
6.通过路由过滤影响路径选择
路由过滤是一种功能强大的方法，用于控制路由协议内外的特定路由的通告或接受情况。它通常用于根据指定条件过滤路由信息，防止通告或获知某些路由。
distribute-list是用于过滤EIGRP中前缀的主要工具之一，它可以与访问列表(ACL)、前缀列表或路由映射配合使用。
使用前缀列表有助于从特定邻居对前缀进行精细过滤。此控制级别对于管理路由更新以修改路径首选项至关重要。
网络图
EIGRP拓扑
初始配置
在修改任何配置之前，必须检查设备的初始配置和状态（每个场景中的初始配置相同）。根据网络图，R1、R2、R3和R4是EIGRP邻居（每台路由器都有两个邻接关系），R4也是中间系统到中间系统(IS-IS)域的一部分，并在IS-IS和EIGRP之间执行相互重分发。请注意，R1的路由表中有两条路径（通过接口Gi1/0/3和Gi1/0/4）通过EIGRP到达10.20.x.x和10.30.x.x子网，而子网10.10.x.x直接相连。
| R1 | |
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对于R2和R3，所有前缀10.10.x.x、10.20.x.x和10.30.x.x都是通过EIGRP获取的。
| R2 | |
| 配置 | 状态 |
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| R3 | |
| 配置 | 状态 |
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| R4 | |
| 配置 | 状态 |
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场景1：通过修改延迟度量影响路径选择
在本示例中，延迟值用于影响EIGRP以首选通过R3的路径。 在进行任何更改之前，您可以确认EIGRP在接口Gi1/0/3和Gi1/04之间进行了负载均衡，因为这两个接口具有相同的10微秒的延迟值。
R1#show ip route eigrp
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, m - OMP
n - NAT, Ni - NAT inside, No - NAT outside, Nd - NAT DIA
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
H - NHRP, G - NHRP registered, g - NHRP registration summary
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR
& - replicated local route overrides by connected
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 12 subnets, 2 masks
D EX 10.20.40.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D EX 10.20.50.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D EX 10.20.60.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.70.0/24 [90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.80.0/24 [90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.90.0/24 [90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 5d22h, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
D 172.16.2.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.1.2, 1w5d, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 172.16.4.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.3.2, 1w5d, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
R1#show interface GigabitEthernet1/0/3 | i DLY
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1000000 Kbit/sec, DLY 10 usec,
R1#show interface GigabitEthernet1/0/4 | i DLY
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1000000 Kbit/sec, DLY 10 usec,现在，我们来修改并增加接口GigabitEthernet1/0/4的延迟。通过将延迟值更改为100（十微秒），RIB仅通过接口Gi1/0/3安装路径。
通过查看EIGRP拓扑表，您可以确认接口Gi1/0/4仍然显示为所有前缀的可行后继路由，并且总延迟较高。
R1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#interface GigabitEthernet1/0/4
R1(config-if)#delay 100
R1(config-if)#end
R1#show ip route eigrp
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, m - OMP
n - NAT, Ni - NAT inside, No - NAT outside, Nd - NAT DIA
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
H - NHRP, G - NHRP registered, g - NHRP registration summary
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR
& - replicated local route overrides by connected
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 12 subnets, 2 masks
D EX 10.20.40.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:05:52, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
D EX 10.20.50.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:05:52, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
D EX 10.20.60.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:05:52, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
D 10.30.70.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:05:52, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
D 10.30.80.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:05:52, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
D 10.30.90.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:05:52, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
D 172.16.2.0 [90/20480] via 192.168.3.2, 00:05:52, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
D 172.16.4.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.3.2, 00:05:52, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
R1#show interface GigabitEthernet1/0/4 | i DLY MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1000000 Kbit/sec, DLY 1000 usec,
R1#show ip eigrp topology EIGRP-IPv4 VR(LAB) Topology Table for AS(100)/ID(192.168.3.1) Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply, r - reply Status, s - sia Status P 192.168.3.0/30, 1 successors, FD is 1310720 via Connected, GigabitEthernet1/0/3 P 10.30.70.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2048000 via 192.168.3.2 (2048000/1392640), GigabitEthernet1/0/3 via 192.168.1.2 (66928640/1392640), GigabitEthernet1/0/4 P 10.20.50.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 8519680 via 192.168.3.2 (8519680/7864320), GigabitEthernet1/0/3 via 192.168.1.2 (73400320/7864320), GigabitEthernet1/0/4 P 10.30.80.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2048000 via 192.168.3.2 (2048000/1392640), GigabitEthernet1/0/3 via 192.168.1.2 (66928640/1392640), GigabitEthernet1/0/4 P 172.16.2.0/30, 1 successors, FD is 2621440 via 192.168.3.2 (2621440/1966080), GigabitEthernet1/0/3 via 192.168.1.2 (66846720/1310720), GigabitEthernet1/0/4 P 10.10.30.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 163840 via Connected, Loopback30 P 10.20.60.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 8519680 via 192.168.3.2 (8519680/7864320), GigabitEthernet1/0/3 via 192.168.1.2 (73400320/7864320), GigabitEthernet1/0/4 P 192.168.1.0/30, 1 successors, FD is 66191360 via Connected, GigabitEthernet1/0/4 via 192.168.3.2 (3276800/2621440), GigabitEthernet1/0/3 P 10.20.40.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 8519680 via 192.168.3.2 (8519680/7864320), GigabitEthernet1/0/3 via 192.168.1.2 (73400320/7864320), GigabitEthernet1/0/4 P 10.10.20.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 163840 via Connected, Loopback20 P 10.30.90.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2048000 via 192.168.3.2 (2048000/1392640), GigabitEthernet1/0/3 via 192.168.1.2 (66928640/1392640), GigabitEthernet1/0/4 P 172.16.4.0/30, 1 successors, FD is 1966080 via 192.168.3.2 (1966080/1310720), GigabitEthernet1/0/3 P 10.10.10.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 163840 via Connected, Loopback10
R1#show ip eigrp topology 10.20.40.0/24 EIGRP-IPv4 VR(LAB) Topology Entry for AS(100)/ID(192.168.3.1) for 10.20.40.0/24 State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 8519680, RIB is 66560 Descriptor Blocks: 192.168.3.2 (GigabitEthernet1/0/3), from 192.168.3.2, Send flag is 0x0 Composite metric is (8519680/7864320), route is External Vector metric: Minimum bandwidth is 1000000 Kbit Total delay is 120000000 picoseconds Reliability is 255/255 Load is 1/255 Minimum MTU is 1500 Hop count is 2 Originating router is 172.16.6.1 External data: AS number of route is 0 External protocol is IS-IS, external metric is 20 Administrator tag is 0 (0x00000000) 192.168.1.2 (GigabitEthernet1/0/4), from 192.168.1.2, Send flag is 0x0 Composite metric is (73400320/7864320), route is External Vector metric: Minimum bandwidth is 1000000 Kbit Total delay is 1110000000 picoseconds Reliability is 255/255 Load is 1/255 Minimum MTU is 1500 Hop count is 2 Originating router is 172.16.6.1 External data: AS number of route is 0 External protocol is IS-IS, external metric is 20 Administrator tag is 0 (0x00000000) R1#traceroute 10.20.40.1 source loopback10 Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 10.20.40.1 VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id) 1 192.168.3.2 1 msec 0 msec 0 msec 2 172.16.4.2 0 msec 0 msec 1 msec 3 172.16.6.2 1 msec 1 msec *
R1#show ip cef 10.20.40.1 10.20.40.0/24 nexthop 192.168.3.2 GigabitEthernet1/0/3
修改延迟是控制流量和改变整体网络行为的有用工具。延迟是根据路径中每个网段的延迟而增长的累积值。还必须注意，由于带宽可供其他协议计算使用，因此更改接口延迟参数是首选方法。但是，对延迟的更改仅在以下情况下才有用：对于收到的所有路由，一条路径优先于另一条路径。
注意：当您选择新的延迟值时，请务必小心，您不希望将延迟增加至EIGRP不再将这些路由视为可行后继路由的点。
场景2：使用偏移列表影响路径选择
在这种情况下，使用ACL选择需要处理的相关流量或前缀。ACL用于匹配这些前缀，对于本示例，添加下一个配置以控制发往子网10.20.60.0/24和10.30.90.0/24的流量。
R1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#access-list 20 permit 10.20.60.0 0.0.0.255
R1(config)#access-list 30 permit 10.30.90.0 0.0.0.255
!
R1#show access-lists 20
Standard IP access list 20
10 permit 10.20.60.0, wildcard bits 0.0.0.255
R1#show access-lists 30
Standard IP access list 30
10 permit 10.30.90.0, wildcard bits 0.0.0.255
其目的是修改特定前缀的度量，但不影响所有其他EIGRP流量。此示例使用offset-list向R1入站方向的所选前缀(10.20.60.0/24和10.30.90.0/24)的度量添加偏移。
其思路是在到达子网10.20.60.0/24（来自R1）时，首选通过接口Gi1/0/4通过R2的路径，而在到达子网10.30.90.0/24（来自R1）时，首选通过接口Gi1/0/3通过R3的路径。
此配置使用命令offset-list {ACL name|ACL number} {in|out} <offset> <interface>，如下所示：
R1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#router eigrp LAB
R1(config-router)#address-family ipv4 unicast autonomous-system 100
R1(config-router-af)#topology base
R1(config-router-af-topology)#offset-list 20 in 200 GigabitEthernet1/0/3
R1(config-router-af-topology)#end可通过检查RIB、转发信息库(FIB)和EIGRP拓扑表来验证配置结果。在接下来的输出中，可以看到，应用到接口Gi1/0/3的偏移量影响了该特定前缀的度量，换句话说，使此路径不太理想：
R1#show ip route 10.20.60.0 Routing entry for 10.20.60.0/24 Known via "eigrp 100", distance 170, metric 66560, precedence routine (0), type external Redistributing via eigrp 100 Last update from 192.168.1.2 on GigabitEthernet1/0/4, 00:01:31 ago Routing Descriptor Blocks: * 192.168.1.2, from 192.168.1.2, 00:01:31 ago, via GigabitEthernet1/0/4 Route metric is 66560, traffic share count is 1 Total delay is 120 microseconds, minimum bandwidth is 1000000 Kbit Reliability 255/255, minimum MTU 1500 bytes Loading 1/255, Hops 2
R1#show ip cef 10.20.60.0 10.20.60.0/24 nexthop 192.168.1.2 GigabitEthernet1/0/4 R1#show ip eigrp topology 10.20.60.0/24 EIGRP-IPv4 VR(LAB) Topology Entry for AS(100)/ID(192.168.3.1) for 10.20.60.0/24 State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 8519680, RIB is 66560 Descriptor Blocks: 192.168.1.2 (GigabitEthernet1/0/4), from 192.168.1.2, Send flag is 0x0 Composite metric is (8519680/7864320), route is External Vector metric: Minimum bandwidth is 1000000 Kbit Total delay is 120000000 picoseconds Reliability is 255/255 Load is 1/255 Minimum MTU is 1500 Hop count is 2 Originating router is 172.16.6.1 External data: AS number of route is 0 External protocol is IS-IS, external metric is 20 Administrator tag is 0 (0x00000000) 192.168.3.2 (GigabitEthernet1/0/3), from 192.168.3.2, Send flag is 0x0 Composite metric is (8519880/7864520), route is External Vector metric: Minimum bandwidth is 1000000 Kbit Total delay is 120003052 picoseconds <--- Reliability is 255/255 Load is 1/255 Minimum MTU is 1500 Hop count is 2 Originating router is 172.16.6.1 External data: AS number of route is 0 External protocol is IS-IS, external metric is 20 Administrator tag is 0 (0x00000000)
前缀10.30.90.0/24也完成了类似的过程，现在添加了offset-list以首选通过接口Gi1/0/3的R3路径（但将偏移应用于Gi1/0/4）。同样，通过查看RIB、FIB和EIGRP拓扑，可以看到所选前缀的首选路径是通过R3:
R1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#router eigrp LAB
R1(config-router)#address-family ipv4 unicast autonomous-system 100
R1(config-router-af)#topology base
R1(config-router-af-topology)#offset-list 30 in 300 gigabitEthernet 1/0/4
R1(config-router-af-topology)#end
R1#show ip route 10.30.90.0
Routing entry for 10.30.90.0/24
Known via "eigrp 100", distance 90, metric 16000, precedence routine (0), type internal
Redistributing via eigrp 100
Last update from 192.168.3.2 on GigabitEthernet1/0/3, 00:00:25 ago
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
* 192.168.3.2, from 192.168.3.2, 00:00:25 ago, via GigabitEthernet1/0/3
Route metric is 16000, traffic share count is 1
Total delay is 21 microseconds, minimum bandwidth is 1000000 Kbit
Reliability 255/255, minimum MTU 1500 bytes
Loading 1/255, Hops 2
R1#show ip cef 10.30.90.0 10.30.90.0/24 nexthop 192.168.3.2 GigabitEthernet1/0/3
R1#show ip eigrp topology 10.30.90.0/24 EIGRP-IPv4 VR(LAB) Topology Entry for AS(100)/ID(192.168.3.1) for 10.30.90.0/24 State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 2048000, RIB is 16000 Descriptor Blocks: 192.168.3.2 (GigabitEthernet1/0/3), from 192.168.3.2, Send flag is 0x0 Composite metric is (2048000/1392640), route is Internal Vector metric: Minimum bandwidth is 1000000 Kbit Total delay is 21250000 picoseconds Reliability is 255/255 Load is 1/255 Minimum MTU is 1500 Hop count is 2 Originating router is 172.16.6.1 192.168.1.2 (GigabitEthernet1/0/4), from 192.168.1.2, Send flag is 0x0 Composite metric is (2048300/1392940), route is Internal Vector metric: Minimum bandwidth is 1000000 Kbit Total delay is 21254578 picoseconds <--- Reliability is 255/255 Load is 1/255 Minimum MTU is 1500 Hop count is 2 Originating router is 172.16.6.1 查看show ip route eigrp命令，您可以确认配置成功，仅特定前缀受到影响，所有其他路由保持不变。此外，运行traceroute可确认流量采用了所需的路径：
R1#show ip route eigrp Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, m - OMP n - NAT, Ni - NAT inside, No - NAT outside, Nd - NAT DIA i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route H - NHRP, G - NHRP registered, g - NHRP registration summary o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, l - LISP a - application route + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR & - replicated local route overrides by connected Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 12 subnets, 2 masks D EX 10.20.40.0/24 [170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:22:32, GigabitEthernet1/0/3 [170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:22:32, GigabitEthernet1/0/4 D EX 10.20.50.0/24 [170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:22:32, GigabitEthernet1/0/3 [170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:22:32, GigabitEthernet1/0/4 D EX 10.20.60.0/24 [170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:16:54, GigabitEthernet1/0/4 D 10.30.70.0/24 [90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:22:32, GigabitEthernet1/0/3 [90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:22:32, GigabitEthernet1/0/4 D 10.30.80.0/24 [90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:22:32, GigabitEthernet1/0/3 [90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:22:32, GigabitEthernet1/0/4 D 10.30.90.0/24 [90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:04:56, GigabitEthernet1/0/3 172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets D 172.16.2.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.1.2, 00:22:32, GigabitEthernet1/0/4 D 172.16.4.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.3.2, 00:22:32, GigabitEthernet1/0/3R1#traceroute 10.20.60.1 source loop10 Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 10.20.60.1 VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id) 1 192.168.1.2 1 msec 1 msec 0 msec <--- R2 2 172.16.2.2 1 msec 1 msec 0 msec 3 172.16.6.2 1 msec 1 msec * R1#traceroute 10.30.90.1 source loop10 Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 10.30.90.1 VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id) 1 192.168.3.2 0 msec 1 msec 0 msec <--- R3 2 172.16.4.2 1 msec 1 msec *
场景3：通过汇总影响路径选择
在这种情况下，路由总结用于优先选择一条路径。EIGRP可以灵活地为每个接口配置总结路由，在本示例中，在R4上配置总结路由来总结10.30.x.x前缀，并为10.20.x.x前缀配置另一个前缀。其思路是R4在接口GigabitEthernet1/0/1上通告汇总路由10.30.0.0/16，在接口GigabitEthernet1/0/2上通告汇总路由10.20.0.0/16，使用此配置流量受最长匹配首选项的影响。这会导致从R1发往10.30.x.x子网的流量选择通过R3的路径，而发往子网10.20.x.x的流量选择通过R2的路径。配置如下图所示：
R4#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R4(config)#router eigrp LAB
R4(config-router)#address-family ipv4 unicast autonomous-system 100
R4(config-router-af)#af-interface gigabitEthernet 1/0/1
R4(config-router-af-interface)#summary-address 10.30.0.0/16
R4(config-router-af-interface)#exit
R4(config-router-af)#af-interface gigabitEthernet 1/0/2
R4(config-router-af-interface)#summary-address 10.20.0.0/16
R4(config-router-af-interface)#end
R4#现在，通过检查来自R1的路由表，可以验证存在通过接口GigabitEthernet1/0/3（连接到R3）获知的10.20.0.0/16的总结路由和通过GigabitEthernet1/0/4（连接到R2）获知的总结路由10.30.0.0/16。此配置的结果是目的地为10.20.60.1的流量通过R2路由，目的地为10.30.90.1的流量通过R3路由。原因是R1首选仍通过其他接口获知的最长匹配前缀，并且可以通过FIB和traceroute输出确认：
R1#show ip route eigrp
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, m - OMP
n - NAT, Ni - NAT inside, No - NAT outside, Nd - NAT DIA
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
H - NHRP, G - NHRP registered, g - NHRP registration summary
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR
& - replicated local route overrides by connected
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 14 subnets, 3 masks
D 10.20.0.0/16 [90/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:16, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
D EX 10.20.40.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:16, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D EX 10.20.50.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:16, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D EX 10.20.60.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:16, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.0.0/16 [90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:44, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.70.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:44, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
D 10.30.80.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:44, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
D 10.30.90.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:44, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
D 172.16.2.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.1.2, 02:42:44, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 172.16.4.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.3.2, 02:42:44, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
R1#show ip route 10.20.0.0
Routing entry for 10.20.0.0/16
Known via "eigrp 100", distance 90, metric 66560, precedence routine (0), type internal
Redistributing via eigrp 100
Last update from 192.168.3.2 on GigabitEthernet1/0/3, 00:12:07 ago
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
* 192.168.3.2, from 192.168.3.2, 00:12:07 ago, via GigabitEthernet1/0/3
Route metric is 66560, traffic share count is 1
Total delay is 120 microseconds, minimum bandwidth is 1000000 Kbit
Reliability 255/255, minimum MTU 1500 bytes
Loading 1/255, Hops 2
R1#show ip route 10.30.0.0
Routing entry for 10.30.0.0/16
Known via "eigrp 100", distance 90, metric 16000, precedence routine (0), type internal
Redistributing via eigrp 100
Last update from 192.168.1.2 on GigabitEthernet1/0/4, 00:12:50 ago
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
* 192.168.1.2, from 192.168.1.2, 00:12:50 ago, via GigabitEthernet1/0/4
Route metric is 16000, traffic share count is 1
Total delay is 21 microseconds, minimum bandwidth is 1000000 Kbit
Reliability 255/255, minimum MTU 1500 bytes
Loading 1/255, Hops 2
R1#show ip cef exact-route 10.10.10.1 10.20.60.1 10.10.10.1 -> 10.20.60.1 =>IP adj out of GigabitEthernet1/0/4, addr 192.168.1.2
R1#traceroute 10.20.60.1 source loop10 Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 10.20.60.1 VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id) 1 192.168.1.2 1 msec 1 msec 0 msec <--- R2 2 172.16.2.2 1 msec 1 msec 0 msec 3 172.16.6.2 1 msec 1 msec * R1#show ip cef exact-route 10.10.10.1 10.30.90.1 10.10.10.1 -> 10.30.90.1 =>IP adj out of GigabitEthernet1/0/3, addr 192.168.3.2 R1#traceroute 10.30.90.1 source loop10 Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 10.30.90.1 VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id) 1 192.168.3.2 1 msec 0 msec 1 msec <--- R3 2 172.16.4.2 0 msec 1 msec * 场景4：使用泄漏映射影响路径选择
在通告总结路由期间使用泄漏映射提供灵活机制，以选择性地通告更具体的路由，然后利用最长匹配来优选期望的路径。
在本示例中，从R4在两个接口（Gi1/0/1和Gi1/0/2）上通告汇总路由10.0.0.0/8。我们来了解一下配置：
R4#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R4(config)#router eigrp LAB
R4(config-router)#address-family ipv4 unicast autonomous-system 100
R4(config-router-af)#af-interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1
R4(config-router-af-interface)#summary-address 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
R4(config-router-af-interface)#exit
R4(config-router-af)#af-interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2
R4(config-router-af-interface)#summary-address 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
R4(config-router-af-interface)#end之前的配置反映在R1的路由表中，如下图所示，但是，这仍然是对来自R1的两条路径上的流量进行负载均衡：
R1#show ip route eigrp
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, m - OMP
n - NAT, Ni - NAT inside, No - NAT outside, Nd - NAT DIA
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
H - NHRP, G - NHRP registered, g - NHRP registration summary
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR
& - replicated local route overrides by connected
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 7 subnets, 3 masks
D 10.0.0.0/8 [90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:04:16, GigabitEthernet1/0/3 [90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:04:16, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
D 172.16.2.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.1.2, 03:50:08, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 172.16.4.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.3.2, 03:50:08, GigabitEthernet1/0/3但是，从R1到子网10.20.60.0/24和10.30.70.0/24的流量需要优先于GigabitEthernet1/0/4（连接到R2）。为实现此结果，可以在R4上配置一个泄漏映射，以泄漏更具体的前缀，但保持汇总就位。
R4#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R4(config)#ip prefix-list LEAKED-PREFIXES permit 10.20.60.0/24
R4(config)#ip prefix-list LEAKED-PREFIXES permit 10.30.70.0/24
R4(config)#route-map LEAKED-PREFIXES R4(config-route-map)#match ip address prefix-list LEAKED-PREFIXES R4(config-route-map)#exit
R4(config)#router eigrp LAB
R4(config-router)#address-family ipv4 unicast autonomous-system 100
R4(config-router-af)#af-interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1
R4(config-router-af-interface)#summary-address 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 leak-map LEAKED-PREFIXES
R4(config-router-af-interface)#end应用了之前的配置后，R1开始看到一个有关10.20.60.0/24和10.30.70.0/24的更具体的条目，这些条目现在通过接口GigabitEthernet1/0/4获知，如下图所示：
R1#show ip route eigrp
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, m - OMP
n - NAT, Ni - NAT inside, No - NAT outside, Nd - NAT DIA
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
H - NHRP, G - NHRP registered, g - NHRP registration summary
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR
& - replicated local route overrides by connected
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 9 subnets, 3 masks
D 10.0.0.0/8 [90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 01:26:41, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 01:26:41, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D EX 10.20.60.0/24 [170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:29, GigabitEthernet1/0/4 D 10.30.70.0/24 [90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:29, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
D 172.16.2.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.1.2, 05:12:33, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 172.16.4.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.3.2, 05:12:33, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
R1#show ip cef exact-route 10.10.10.1 10.20.60.1
10.10.10.1 -> 10.20.60.1 =>IP adj out of GigabitEthernet1/0/4, addr 192.168.1.2
R1#show ip cef exact-route 10.10.10.1 10.30.70.1
10.10.10.1 -> 10.30.70.1 =>IP adj out of GigabitEthernet1/0/4, addr 192.168.1.2场景5：通过修改前缀的管理距离(AD)影响路径选择
本示例的目的是修改前缀10.30.90.0/24的AD，因此，发往它的流量可以通过R3路由。
注意：此方法也是影响EIGRP的另一个资源，但是，它不像Offset-List那样优先使用。如果您在同一台设备上使用多个路由协议，请务必小心，因为此方法同样会影响它们。
注意：此方法仅影响内部EIGRP路由，配置不会修改外部EIGRP路由的AD。
请注意，R1正在通过R2(192.168.1.2)和R3(192.168.3.2)获取路由10.30.90.0/24，度量相同：
R1#show ip route eigrp
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, m - OMP
n - NAT, Ni - NAT inside, No - NAT outside, Nd - NAT DIA
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
H - NHRP, G - NHRP registered, g - NHRP registration summary
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR
& - replicated local route overrides by connected
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 12 subnets, 2 masks
D EX 10.20.40.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D EX 10.20.50.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D EX 10.20.60.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.70.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.80.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.90.0/24 [90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/3 [90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
D 172.16.2.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 172.16.4.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:26, GigabitEthernet1/0/3要完成更改，需要配置用于匹配所需子网的ACL，然后可以通过使用命令distance <route AD> <IP Source address> <Wildcard bits> <ACL>指定通告邻居来修改前缀的AD。
在本示例中，为了首选来自R3的通告，使用较低的AD值(85)，使用通配符0.0.0.0添加R3 EIGRP邻居的IP地址(192.168.3.2)，然后添加匹配前缀的ACL:
R1#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. R1(config)#access-list 30 permit 10.30.90.0 0.0.0.255 R1(config)#router eigrp LAB R1(config-router)#address-family ipv4 unicast autonomous-system 100 R1(config-router-af)#topology base R1(config-router-af-topology)#distance 85 192.168.3.2 0.0.0.0 30 R1(config-router-af-topology)#end结果可以在R1的RIB和FIB输出中看到，其中10.30.90.0/24的路由条目已将其AD更改为85，而首选EIGRP邻居为R3(192.168.3.2):
R1#show ip route eigrp
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, m - OMP
n - NAT, Ni - NAT inside, No - NAT outside, Nd - NAT DIA
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
H - NHRP, G - NHRP registered, g - NHRP registration summary
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR
& - replicated local route overrides by connected
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 12 subnets, 2 masks
D EX 10.20.40.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D EX 10.20.50.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D EX 10.20.60.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.70.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.80.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.90.0/24 [85/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
D 172.16.2.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 172.16.4.0 [90/15360] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:14, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
R1#show ip route 10.30.90.0
Routing entry for 10.30.90.0/24
Known via "eigrp 100", distance 85, metric 16000, precedence routine (0), type internal
Redistributing via eigrp 100
Last update from 192.168.3.2 on GigabitEthernet1/0/3, 00:00:31 ago
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
* 192.168.3.2, from 192.168.3.2, 00:00:31 ago, via GigabitEthernet1/0/3
Route metric is 16000, traffic share count is 1
Total delay is 21 microseconds, minimum bandwidth is 1000000 Kbit
Reliability 255/255, minimum MTU 1500 bytes
Loading 1/255, Hops 2
R1#show ip cef 10.30.90.0
10.30.90.0/24
nexthop 192.168.3.2 GigabitEthernet1/0/3场景6：通过路由过滤影响路径选择
在本例中，其思路是通过过滤进入R1的一些路由或前缀来选择性地影响路径选择。
当目的地为下一子网10.30.70.0/24、10.30.80.0/24和10.20.40.0/24时，R1必须首选R2路径。当目标是子网10.30.90.0/24、10.20.50.0/24和10.20.60.0/24时，R1必须首选R3路径。
为此，前缀列表用于匹配所需的路由，并在EIGRP进程下配置分发列表以在入站方向上应用路由过滤器，如下图所示：
R1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#ip prefix-list R2-Preferred permit 10.30.70.0/24
R1(config)#ip prefix-list R2-Preferred permit 10.30.80.0/24
R1(config)#ip prefix-list R2-Preferred permit 10.20.40.0/24
R1(config)#
R1(config)#ip prefix-list R3-Preferred permit 10.30.90.0/24
R1(config)#ip prefix-list R3-Preferred permit 10.20.50.0/24
R1(config)#ip prefix-list R3-Preferred permit 10.20.60.0/24
R1(config)#router eigrp LAB
R1(config-router)#address-family ipv4 unicast autonomous-system 100
R1(config-router-af)#topology base
R1(config-router-af-topology)#distribute-list prefix R2-Preferred in GigabitEthernet1/0/4
R1(config-router-af-topology)#distribute-list prefix R3-Preferred in GigabitEthernet1/0/3
R1(config-router-af-topology)#end注意：当使用ip prefix-list匹配所需路由时，应用distribute-list时需要“prefix”选项
注：使用偏移列表等方法之间的主要区别之一是，distribute-list可防止将不允许的前缀插入RIB和EIGRP拓扑表。
结果是R1路由表显示了所需的路径选择：
R1#show ip route eigrp
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, m - OMP
n - NAT, Ni - NAT inside, No - NAT outside, Nd - NAT DIA
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
H - NHRP, G - NHRP registered, g - NHRP registration summary
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR
& - replicated local route overrides by connected
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 12 subnets, 2 masks
D EX 10.20.40.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:12, GigabitEthernet1/0/4 <--- R2
D EX 10.20.50.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:24, GigabitEthernet1/0/3 <--- R3
D EX 10.20.60.0/24
[170/66560] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:24, GigabitEthernet1/0/3
D 10.30.70.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:12, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.80.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:12, GigabitEthernet1/0/4
D 10.30.90.0/24
[90/16000] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:24, GigabitEthernet1/0/3相关信息
修订历史记录
| 版本 | 发布日期 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|
1.0 |
12-Jan-2024 |
初始版本 |
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