Contents

Introduction

MPTCP Overview

Background Information

Session Establishment

Join Additional Sub-flows

Add Address

Segmentation, Multipath, and Reassembly

Impact on Flow Inspection

Cisco Products Impacted by MPTCP

ASA

TCP Operations

Protocol Inspection

Cisco Firepower Threat Defense

TCP Operations

Cisco IOS Firewall

Context-Based Access Control (CBAC)

Zone-Based Firewall (ZBFW)

ACE

Cisco Products not Impacted by MPTCP

Introduction

This document provides an overview of Multipath TCP (MPTCP), its impact on flow inspection, and the Cisco products that are and are not affected by it.

MPTCP Overview

Background Information

Hosts connected to the Internet or within a data center environment are often connected by multiple paths. However, when TCP is used for data transport, communication is restricted to a single network path. It is possible that some paths between the two hosts are congested, whereas alternate paths are underutilized. A more efficient use of network resources is possible if these multiple paths are used concurrently. In addition, the use of multiple connections enhances the user experience, because it provides higher throughput and improved resilience against network failures.

MPTCP is a set of extensions to regular TCP that enables a single data flow to be separated and carried across multiple connections. Refer to RFC6824: TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple Addresses for more information.

As shown in this diagram, MPTCP is able to separate the 9mbps flow into three different sub-flows on the sender node, which is subsequently aggregated back into the original data flow on the receiving node.

The data that enters the MPTCP connection acts exactly as it does through a regular TCP connection; the transmitted data has guaranteed an in-order delivery. Since MPTCP adjusts the network stack and operates within the transport layer, it is used transparently by the application.

Session Establishment

MPTCP uses TCP options in order to negotiate and orchestrate the separation and reassembly of data over the multiple sub-flows. TCP option 30 is reserved by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for exclusive use by MPTCP. Refer to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Parameters  for more information. In the establishment of a regular TCP session, a MP_CAPABLE option is included in the initial synchronize (SYN) packet. If the responder supports and chooses to negotiate MPTCP, it also responds with the MP_CAPABLE option in the SYN-acknowledge (ACK) packet. The keys exchanged within this handshake are used in the future in order to authenticate the joining and removal of other TCP sessions into this MPTCP flow.

Join Additional Sub-flows

When deemed necessary, Host-A might initiate additional sub-flows sourced from a different interface or address to Host-B. As with the initial sub-flow, TCP options are used in order to indicate the desire to merge this sub-flow with the other sub-flow. The keys that are exchanged within the initial sub-flow establishment (along with a hashing algorithm) are used by Host-B in order to confirm that the join request is indeed sent by Host-A. The secondary sub-flow 4-tuple (source IP, destination IP, source Port, and destination Port) is different than that of the primary sub-flow; this flow might take a different path through the network.

Add Address

Host-A has multiple interfaces, and it is possible that Host-B has multiple network connections. Host-B learns about addresses A1 and A2 implicitly as a result of Host-A sourcing sub-flows from each of its addresses destined to B1. It is possible that Host-B advertises its additional address (B2) to Host-A so that other sub-flows are made to B2. This is completed via the TCP option 30. As shown in this diagram, Host-B advertises its secondary address (B2) to Host-A, and two additional sub-flows are created. Because MPTCP operates above the Network layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) stack, the IP addresses advertised can be IPv4, IPv6, or both. It is possible that some of the sub-flows are transported by IPv4 simultaneously as other sub-flows are transported by IPv6.

Segmentation, Multipath, and Reassembly

A data stream given to MPTCP by the application must be segmented and distributed across the multiple sub-flows by the sender. It then must be reassembled into the single data stream before it is delivered back to the application.

MPTCP inspects the performance and latency of each sub-flow, and dynamically adjusts the distribution of data in order to gain the highest aggregate throughput. During data transfer, the TCP header option includes information about the MPTCP sequence/acknowledgement numbers, the current sub-flow sequence/acknowledgement number, and a checksum.

Impact on Flow Inspection

Many security devices might zero-out or replace unknown TCP options with a No Option (NOOP) value. If the network device does this to the TCP SYN packet on the initial sub-flow, the MP_CAPABLE advertisement is removed. As a result, it appears to the server that the client does not support MPTCP, and it reverts to normal TCP operation.

If the option is preserved and MPTCP is able to establish multiple sub-flows, in-line packet analysis by network devices might not function reliably. This is because only portions of the data flow are carried over to each sub-flow. The effect of protocol inspection upon MPTCP might vary from nothing to full disruption of service. The effect varies based on what and how much data is inspected. Packet analysis might include firewall Application Layer Gateway (ALG or fixup), Network Address Translation (NAT) ALG, Application Visibility and Control (AVC), Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR) or Intrusion Detection Services (IDS/IPS). If application inspection is required in your environment, it is recommended that clearing of TCP option 30 is enabled.

If the flow cannot be inspected due to encryption or if the protocol is unknown, then the inline device should have no impact on the MPTCP flow.

Cisco Products Impacted by MPTCP

These products are impacted by MPTCP:

- Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA)

- Cisco Firepower Threat Defense

- Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)

- Cisco IOS-XE and IOS®

- Application Control Engine (ACE)

Each product is described in detail in subsequent sections of this document.

ASA

TCP Operations

By default, the Cisco ASA firewall replaces unsupported TCP options, which include the MPTCP option 30, with the NOOP option (option 1). In order to permit the MPTCP option, use this configuration:

1. Define the policy in order to allow TCP option 30 (used by MPTCP) through the device:

tcp-map my-mptcp

tcp-options range 30 30 allow

2. Define the traffic selection:

class-map my-tcpnorm

match any

3. Define a map from traffic to action:

policy-map my-policy-map

class my-tcpnorm

set connection advanced-options my-mptcp

4. Activate it on the box or per-interface:

service-policy my-policy-map global

Protocol Inspection

The ASA supports inspection of many protocols. The effect that the inspection engine might have on the application varies. It is recommended that, if inspection is required, the TCP-map described previously is NOT applied.

Cisco Firepower Threat Defense

TCP Operations

As the FTD performs deep packet inspection for IPS/IDS services it is not recommended to modify the tcp-map to allow the TCP option through.

Cisco IOS Firewall

Context-Based Access Control (CBAC)

CBAC does not remove the TCP options from the TCP stream. MPTCP builds a connection through the firewall.

Zone-Based Firewall (ZBFW)

Cisco IOS and IOS-XE ZBFW does not remove the TCP options from the TCP stream. MPTCP builds a connection through the firewall.

ACE

By default, the ACE device strips TCP options from the TCP connections. The MPTCP connection falls back to regular TCP operations.

The ACE device might be configured to allow the TCP options via the tcp-options command, as described in the Configuring How the ACE Handles TCP Options section of the Security Guide vA5(1.0), Cisco ACE Application Control Engine. However, this is not always recommended, because the secondary sub-flows might be balanced to different real-servers, and the join fails.

Cisco Products not Impacted by MPTCP

Generally, any device that does not inspect TCP flows or Layer-7 information also does not alter TCP options, and as a result should be transparent to MPTCP. These devices might include:

- Cisco 5000 Series ASRs (Starent)

- Wide Area Application Services (WAAS)

- Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) (Carrier-Grade Services Engine (CGSE) blade in Carrier Routing System (CRS)-1)

- All Ethernet switch products

- All router products (unless firewall or NAT functionality is enabled; see the Cisco Products Impacted by MPTCP section earlier in the document for more details)