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Cisco ONS 15454 Installation and Operations Guide, Release 3.2
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About this Manual
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Chapter 1, Hardware Installation
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Chapter 2, Software Installation
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Chapter 3, Node Setup
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Chapter 4, IP Networking
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Chapter 5, SONET Topologies
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Chapter 6, Circuits and Tunnels
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Chapter 7, Card Provisioning
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Chapter 8, Performance Monitoring
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Chapter 9, Ethernet Operation
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Chapter 10, Alarm Monitoring and Management
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Chapter 11, SNMP
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Appendix A, Circuit Routing
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Appendix B, Regulatory and Compliance Requirements
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Acronyms
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Glossary
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Feedback
Table Of Contents
9.1.2 802.3x Flow Control and Frame Buffering
9.1.3 Ethernet Link Integrity Support
9.1.4 Gigabit EtherChannel/802.3ad Link Aggregation
9.1.6 G1000-4 Port Provisioning
9.1.7 G1000-4 Gigabit Interface Converters
9.2.4 E Series Port Provisioning
9.2.5 E-Series Gigabit Interface Converters
9.3 E Series Multicard and Single-Card EtherSwitch
9.3.1 E Series Multicard EtherSwitch
9.3.2 E Series Single-Card EtherSwitch
9.3.3 ONS 15454 E Series and ONS 15327 EtherSwitch Circuit Combinations
9.4 E Series Circuit Configurations
9.4.1 E-Series Circuit Protection
9.4.2 E Series Point-to-Point Ethernet Circuits
9.4.3 E Series Shared Packet Ring Ethernet Circuits
9.4.4 E Series Hub and Spoke Ethernet Circuit Provisioning
9.4.5 E Series Ethernet Manual Cross-Connects
9.5 G1000-4 Circuit Configurations
9.5.1 G1000-4 Point-to-Point Ethernet Circuits
9.5.2 G1000-4 Manual Cross-Connects
9.6.1 E Series Q-Tagging (IEEE 802.1Q)
9.6.2 E Series Priority Queuing (IEEE 802.1Q)
9.6.3 E Series VLAN Membership
9.7 E Series Spanning Tree (IEEE 802.1D)
9.7.1 E Series Multi-Instance Spanning Tree and VLANs
9.7.2 E Series Spanning Tree Parameters
9.7.3 E Series Spanning Tree Configuration
9.7.4 E Series Spanning Tree Map
9.8 G1000-4 Performance and Maintenance Screens
9.8.1 G1000-4 Ethernet Performance Screen
9.8.2 G1000-4 Ethernet Maintenance Screen
9.8.3 E-Series Ethernet Performance Screen
9.8.4 E-Series Ethernet Maintenance Screen
9.9 Remote Monitoring Specification Alarm Thresholds
Ethernet Operation
The Cisco ONS 15454 integrates Ethernet into a SONET time-division multiplexing (TDM) platform. The ONS 15454 supports both E series Ethernet cards and the G series Ethernet card. This chapter describes the Ethernet capabilities of the ONS 15454, including:
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G Series Card (G1000-4)
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9.1 G1000-4 Card
The G1000-4 card reliably transports Ethernet and IP data across a SONET backbone. The G1000-4 card maps up to four gigabit Ethernet interfaces onto a SONET transport network. A single card provides scalable and provisionable transport bandwidth at the signal levels up to STS-48c per card. The card provides line rate forwarding for all Ethernet frames (unicast, multicast, and broadcast) and can be configured to support Jumbo frames (defined as a maximum of 10,000 bytes).The G-series card incorporates features optimized for carrier-class applications such as:
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The G1000-4 card allows an Ethernet private line service to be provisioned and managed very much like a traditional SONET or SDH line. G1000-4 card applications include providing carrier-grade Transparent LAN Services (TLS), 100 Mbps Ethernet private line services (when combined with an external 100 Mb Ethernet switch with Gigabit uplinks), and high availability transport for applications such as storage over MAN/WANs.
You can map the four ports on the G1000-4 independently to any combination of STS-1, STS-3c, STS-6c, STS-9c, STS-12c, STS-24c, and STS-48c circuit sizes, provided the sum of the circuit sizes that terminate on a card do not exceed STS-48c.
To support a gigabit Ethernet port at full line rate, an STS circuit with a capacity greater or equal to 1Gbps (bidirectional 2 Gbps) is needed. An STS-24c is the minimum circuit size that can support a gigabit Ethernet port at full line rate.The G1000-4 supports a maximum of two ports at full line rate.
Ethernet cards may be placed in any of the 12 multipurpose card slots. In most configurations, at least two of the 12 slots need to be reserved for optical trunk cards, such as the OC-192 card. The reserved OC-N slots give the ONS 15454 a practical maximum of ten G1000-4 cards. The G1000-4 card requires the XC10G card to operate. The G1000-4 card is not compatible with XC or XCVT cards. For more information about the G1000-4 card specifications, see the Card Reference chapter in the Cisco ONS 15454 Troubleshooting and Maintenance Guide.
The G1000-4 transmits and monitors the SONET J1 Path Trace byte in the same manner as ONS 15454 DS-N cards. For more information, see the "Creating a Path Trace" section.
Note
9.1.1 G1000-4 Application
Figure 9-1 shows an example of a G1000-4 application. In this example, data traffic from the Gigabit Ethernet port of a high-end router travels across the ONS 15454 point-to-point circuit to the Gigabit Ethernet port of another high-end router.
Figure 9-1 Data traffic using a G1000-4 point-to-point circuit
The G1000-4 card can carry over a SONET network any layer three protocol that can be encapsulated and transported over Gigabit Ethernet, such as IP or IPX. The data is transmitted on the Gigabit Ethernet fiber into the standard Cisco Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) on a G1000-4 card. The G1000-4 card transparently maps Ethernet frames into the SONET payload by multiplexing the payload onto a SONET OC-N card. When the SONET payload reaches the destination node, the process is reversed and the data is transmitted from the standard Cisco GBIC in the destination G1000-4 card onto the Gigabit Ethernet fiber.
The G1000-4 card discards certain types of erroneous Ethernet frames rather than transport them over SONET. Erroneous Ethernet frames include corrupted frames with CRC errors and under-sized frames that do not conform to the minimum 60-byte length Ethernet standard. The G1000-4 card forwards valid frames unmodified over the SONET network. Information in the headers is not affected by the encapsulation and transport. For example, packets with formats that include IEEE 802.1Q information will travel through the process unaffected.
9.1.2 802.3x Flow Control and Frame Buffering
The G1000-4 supports 802.3x flow control and frame buffering to reduce data traffic congestion. To buffer over-subscription, 512 kb of buffer memory is available for the receive and transmit channels on each port. When the buffer memory on the Ethernet port nears capacity, the ONS 15454 uses 802.3x flow control to send back a pause frame to the source at the opposite end of the Gigabit Ethernet connection.
The pause frame instructs that source to stop sending packets for a specific period of time. The sending station waits the requested time before sending more data. Figure 9-1 illustrates pause frames being sent from the ONS 15454s to the sources of the data. The G1000-4 card does not respond to pause frames received from client devices.
This flow-control mechanism matches the sending and receiving device throughput to that of the bandwidth of the STS circuit. For example, a router may transmit to the Gigabit Ethernet port on the G1000-4. This particular data rate may occasionally exceed 622 Mbps, but the ONS 15454 circuit assigned to the G1000-4 port may be only STS-12c (622.08 Mbps). In this example, the ONS 15454 sends out a pause frame and requests that the router delay its transmission for a certain period of time. With a flow control capability combined with the substantial per-port buffering capability, a private line service provisioned at less than full line rate capacity (STS-24c) is nevertheless very efficient because frame loss can be controlled to a large extent.
Some important characteristics of the flow control feature on the G1000-4 include:
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Because of the above characteristics the link auto-negotiation and flow control capability on the attached Ethernet device must be correctly provisioned for successful link auto-negotiation and flow control on the G1000-4. If link auto-negotiation fails, the G1000-4 does not use flow control (default). Without flow control, traffic loss can occur if the input traffic rate is higher than the bandwidth of the circuit for an extended period of time.
9.1.3 Ethernet Link Integrity Support
The G1000-4 supports end-to-end Ethernet link integrity. This capability is integral to providing an Ethernet private line service and correct operation of layer 2 and layer 3 protocols on the attached Ethernet devices at each end. End-to-end Ethernet link integrity essentially means that if any part of the end-to-end path fails the entire path fails. Failure of the entire path is ensured by turning off the transmit lasers at each end of the path. The attached Ethernet devices recognize the disabled transmit laser as a loss of carrier and consequently an inactive link.
Figure 9-2 End-to-end Ethernet link integrity support
Note
Note
As shown in Figure 9-2, a failure at any point of the path (A, B, C, D or E) causes the G1000-4 card at each end to disable its TX transmit laser at their ends, which causes the devices at both ends to detect link down. If one of the Ethernet ports is administratively disabled or set in loopback mode, the port is considered a "failure" for the purposes of end-to-end link integrity because the end-to-end Ethernet path is unavailable. The port "failure" also cause both ends of the path to be disabled.
9.1.4 Gigabit EtherChannel/802.3ad Link Aggregation
The end-to-end Ethernet link integrity feature of the G1000-4 can be used in combination with Gigabit Ether Channel capability on attached devices. The combination provide an Ethernet traffic restoration scheme that has a faster response time than alternate techniques such as spanning tree re-routing, yet is more bandwidth efficient because spare bandwidth does not need to be reserved.
The G1000-4 supports all forms of Link Aggregation technologies including Gigabit EtherChannel (GEC) which is a Cisco proprietary standard as well as the IEEE 802.3ad standard. The end-to- end link integrity feature of the G1000-4 allows a circuit to emulate an Ethernet link. This allows all flavors of layer 2 and layer 3 re-routing, as well as technologies such as link aggregation, to work correctly with the G1000-4. The G1000-4 supports Gigabit EtherChannel (GEC), which is a Cisco proprietary standard similar to the IEEE link aggregation standard (IEEE 802.3ad). Figure 9-3 illustrates G1000-4 GEC support.
Figure 9-3 G1000-4 Gigabit EtherChannel (GEC) support
Although the G1000-4 card does not actively run GEC, it supports the end-to-end GEC functionality of attached Ethernet devices. If two Ethernet devices running GEC connect through G1000-4 cards to an ONS 15454 network, the ONS 15454 SONET side network is transparent to the EtherChannel devices. The EtherChannel devices operate as if they are directly connected to each other. Any combination of G1000-4 parallel circuit sizes can be used to support GEC throughput.
GEC provides line-level active redundancy and protection (1:1) for attached Ethernet equipment. It can also bundle parallel G1000-4 data links together to provide more aggregated bandwidth. Spanning Tree (STP) operates as if the bundled links are one link and permits GEC to utilize these multiple parallel paths. Without GEC, STP only permits a single non-blocked path. GEC can also provide G1000-4 card-level protection or redundancy because it can support a group of ports on different cards (or different nodes) so that if one port or card has a failure, then traffic is re-routed over the other port/card.
9.1.5 G1000-4 LEDs
G1000-4 series Ethernet card faceplates have two card-level LEDs and one bicolored LED next to each port.
Figure 9-4 G1000-4 card faceplate LEDs
9.1.6 G1000-4 Port Provisioning
This section explains how to provision Ethernet ports on an G1000-4 card. Most provisioning requires filling in two fields: Enabled and Flow Control Negotiation. You can also configure the maximum frame size permitted, either Jumbo or 1548 bytes.
Note
Media Type indicates the type of GBIC installed. For more information on GBICs for the G1000-4 card, see the "G1000-4 Gigabit Interface Converters" section. The Negotiation Status column displays the result of the most-recent auto-negotiation. The type of flow control that was negotiated will be displayed.
Note
Procedure: Provision G1000-4 Ethernet Ports
Step 1
Step 2
Figure 9-5 shows the Provisioning tab with the Port subtab selected.
Figure 9-5 Provisioning G1000-4 Ethernet ports
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Flow control negotiation is enabled by default.
Note
Step 6
The maximum accepted frame size is set to Jumbo by default.
Step 7
Note
9.1.7 G1000-4 Gigabit Interface Converters
Gigabit interface converters (GBICs) are hot-swappable input/output devices that plug into a Gigabit Ethernet card to link the port with the fiber-optic network. Figure 9-6 shows a GBIC. The type of GBIC determines the maximum distance that the Ethernet traffic will travel from the card to the next network device.
The G1000-4 card supports three types of standard Cisco GBICs; SX, LX and ZX. Support for the copper-media CX GBIC will be added in a future release.
1000BaseSX operates on multi-mode fiber optic link spans of up to 550 m in length. 1000BaseLX operates on single-mode fiber optic links of up to 10 km in length. 1000BaseZX operates on single-mode fiber optic link spans of up to 70 km in length, and link spans of up to 100 km are possible using premium single mode fiber or dispersion shifted single mode fiber.
Figure 9-6 A gigabit interface converter
Table 9-1 shows the available GBICs for the G1000-4 card.
Caution
For GBIC installation and cabling instructions, see the "Fiber-Optic Cable Installation" section on page 1-52.
9.2 E Series Cards
The E series cards incorporate layer 2 switching, while the G series card is a straight mapper card. The ONS 15454 E series cards include the E100T-12/E100T-G and E1000-2/E1000-2-G. E series cards support VLAN, IEEE 802.1Q, spanning tree, and IEEE 802.1D. An ONS 15454 holds a maximum of ten Ethernet cards, and you can insert Ethernet cards in any multipurpose slot. For card specifications, see the Card Reference chapter in the Cisco ONS 15454 Troubleshooting and Maintenance Guide.
9.2.1 E100T-12/E100T-G Card
E100T-12/E100T-G cards provide twelve switched, IEEE 802.3-compliant 10/100 Base-T Ethernet ports. The ports detect the speed of an attached device by auto-negotiation and automatically connect at the appropriate speed and duplex mode, either half or full duplex, and determine whether to enable or disable flow control. The E100T-G is the functional equivalent of the E100T-12. An ONS 15454 using XC10G cards requires the G versions of the E series Ethernet cards.
9.2.2 E1000-2/E1000-2-G Card
E1000-2/E1000-2-G cards provides two switched, IEEE 802.3-compliant Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) ports that support full duplex operation. The E1000-2 is the functional equivalent of the E1000-2-G. An ONS 15454 using XC10G cards requires the G versions of the E series Ethernet cards.
9.2.3 E Series LEDs
E series Ethernet card faceplates have three card-level LEDs and a pair of port-level LEDs next to each port. The SF LED is inactive.
Table 9-3 E Series Port-Level LEDs
Amber
Transmitting and Receiving
Solid Green
Idle and Link Integrity
Green Light Off
Inactive Connection or Unidirectional Traffic
For detailed specifications of the Ethernet cards, refer to the Cisco ONS 15454 Troubleshooting and Maintenance Guide.
9.2.4 E Series Port Provisioning
This section explains how to provision Ethernet ports on an E series Ethernet card. Most provisioning requires filling in two fields: Enabled and Mode. However, you can also map incoming traffic to a low priority or a high priority queue using the Priority column, and you can enable spanning tree with the Stp Enabled column. For more information about spanning tree, see the "E Series Spanning Tree (IEEE 802.1D)" section. The Status column displays information about the port's current operating mode, and the Stp State column provides the current spanning tree status.
Procedure: Provision E Series Ethernet Ports
Step 1
Step 2
Figure 9-7 shows the Provisioning tab with the Port function subtab selected.
Figure 9-7 Provisioning E-100 Series Ethernet ports
Step 3
Both 1000 Full and Auto mode set the E1000-2 port to the 1000 Mbps and Full duplex operating mode; however, flow control is disabled when 1000 Full is selected. Choosing Auto mode enables the E1000-2 card to auto-negotiate flow control. Flow control is a mechanism that prevents network congestion by ensuring that transmitting devices do not overwhelm receiving devices with data. The E1000-2 port handshakes with the connected network device to determine if that device supports flow control.
Step 4
Step 5
Your Ethernet ports are now provisioned and ready to be configured for VLAN membership.
Step 6
9.2.5 E-Series Gigabit Interface Converters
Gigabit interface converters (GBICs) are hot-swappable input/output devices that plug into a Gigabit Ethernet card to link the port with the fiber-optic network. The type of GBIC determines the maximum distance that the Ethernet traffic will travel from the card to the next network device.
The E1000-2/E1000-2-G card supports SX and LX GBICs.
1000BaseSX operates on multi-mode fiber optic link spans of up to 550 m in length. 1000BaseLX operates on single-mode fiber optic links of up to 10 km in length.
Table 9-4 shows the available GBICs.
Table 9-4 Available GBICs
Short wavelength (1000BaseSX)
550m
15454-GBIC-SX
Long wavelength/long haul (1000BaseLX)
5km
15454-GBIC-LX
For GBIC installation and cabling instructions, see the "Fiber-Optic Cable Installation" section on page 1-52.
Caution
Caution
9.3 E Series Multicard and Single-Card EtherSwitch
The ONS 15454 enables multicard and single-card EtherSwitch modes for E series cards. At the Ethernet card view in CTC, click the Provisioning > Card tabs to reveal the Card Mode option.
9.3.1 E Series Multicard EtherSwitch
Multicard EtherSwitch provisions two or more Ethernet cards to act as a single layer 2 switch. It supports one STS-6c shared packet ring, two STS-3c shared packet rings, or six STS-1 shared packet rings. The bandwidth of the single switch formed by the Ethernet cards matches the bandwidth of the provisioned Ethernet circuit up to STS-6c worth of bandwidth.
Figure 9-8 A Multicard EtherSwitch configuration
Caution
9.3.2 E Series Single-Card EtherSwitch
Single-card EtherSwitch allows each Ethernet card to remain a single switching entity within the ONS 15454 shelf. This option allows a full STS-12c worth of bandwidth between two Ethernet circuit points. Figure 9-9 illustrates a single-card EtherSwitch configuration.
Figure 9-9 A Single-card EtherSwitch configuration
Seven scenarios exist for provisioning single-card EtherSwitch bandwidth:
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7.
Note
9.3.3 ONS 15454 E Series and ONS 15327 EtherSwitch Circuit Combinations
The following table shows the Ethernet circuit combinations available in ONS 15454 E series cards and ONS 15327s.
9.4 E Series Circuit Configurations
Ethernet circuits can link ONS nodes through point-to-point, shared packet ring, or hub and spoke configurations. Two nodes usually connect with a point-to-point configuration. More than two nodes usually connect with a shared packet ring configuration or a hub and spoke configuration. This section includes procedures for creating these configurations and also explains how to create Ethernet manual cross-connects. Ethernet manual cross-connects allow you to cross connect individual Ethernet circuits to an STS channel on the ONS 15454 optical interface and also to bridge non-ONS SONET network segments.
9.4.1 E-Series Circuit Protection
Different combinations of E-Series circuit configurations and SONET network topologies offer different levels of E-Series circuit protection. Table 9-6 details the available protection.
Caution
Note
Note
9.4.2 E Series Point-to-Point Ethernet Circuits
The ONS 15454 can set up a point-to-point (straight) Ethernet circuit as Single-card or Multicard. Multicard EtherSwitch limits bandwidth to STS-6c of bandwidth between two Ethernet circuit points, but allows adding nodes and cards and making a shared packet ring. Single-card EtherSwitch allows a full STS-12c of bandwidth between two Ethernet circuit points.
Figure 9-10 A Multicard EtherSwitch point-to-point circuit
Figure 9-11 A Single-card Etherswitch point-to-point circuit
Procedure: Provision an E Series EtherSwitch Point-to-Point Circuit (Multicard or Single-Card)
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
a.
b.
c.
If you are building a Single-card Etherswitch circuit:
d.
e.
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Attributes) dialog box opens.
Step 8
Step 9
Note
Step 10
The valid circuit sizes for an Ethernet Multicard circuit are STS-1, STS-3c and STS-6c.
The valid circuit sizes for an Ethernet Single-card circuit are STS-1, STS-3c, STS-6c and STS-12c.
Step 11
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Source) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-12).
Figure 9-12 Choosing a circuit source
Step 12
Step 13
Step 14
The Circuit Creation (Destination) dialog box opens.
Step 15
Step 16
Step 17
The Circuit Creation (Circuit VLAN Selection) dialog box opens.
Step 18
a.
b.
c.
Note
d.
e.
Step 19
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Routing Preferences) dialog box opens.
Step 20
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Step 21
Step 22
9.4.3 E Series Shared Packet Ring Ethernet Circuits
This section provides steps for creating a shared packet ring ( Figure 9-13). Your network architecture may differ from the example.
Figure 9-13 A shared packet ring Ethernet circuit
Procedure: Provision an E Series Shared Packet Ring
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Attributes) dialog box opens.
Step 11
Step 12
Note
Step 13
For shared packet ring Ethernet, valid circuit sizes are STS-1, STS-3c, and STS-6c.
Step 14
Note
Step 15
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Source) dialog box opens.
Step 16
Any shared packet ring node can serve as the circuit source.
Step 17
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Destination) dialog box opens.
Step 18
Step 19
Step 20
The Circuit Creation (Circuit VLAN Selection) dialog box opens.
Step 21
a.
The Circuit Creation (Define New VLAN) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-14).
Figure 9-14 Choosing a VLAN name and ID
b.
c.
This VLAN ID number must be unique. It is usually the next available number not already assigned to an existing VLAN (between 2 and 4093). Each ONS 15454 network supports a maximum of 509 user-provisionable VLANs.
d.
Figure 9-15 Selecting VLANs
e.
By moving the VLAN from the Available VLANs column to the Circuit VLANs column, all the VLAN traffic is forced to use the shared packet ring circuit you created.
Step 22
Step 23
Figure 9-16 Adding a span
Step 24
The span turns white.
Step 25
The span turns blue and adds the span to the Included Spans field.
Step 26
Step 27
The span turns white.
Step 28
The span turns blue.
Step 29
Figure 9-17 Viewing a span
Step 30
Note
Step 31
Step 32
9.4.4 E Series Hub and Spoke Ethernet Circuit Provisioning
This section provides steps for creating a hub and spoke Ethernet circuit configuration. The hub and spoke configuration connects point-to-point circuits (the spokes) to an aggregation point (the hub). In many cases, the hub links to a high-speed connection and the spokes are Ethernet cards. Figure 9-18 illustrates a sample hub and spoke ring. Your network architecture may differ from the example.
Figure 9-18 A Hub and Spoke Ethernet circuit
Procedure: Provision an E Series Hub and Spoke Ethernet Circuit
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
If Single-card EtherSwitch is not checked, check it and click Apply.
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Attributes) dialog box opens.
Step 8
Step 9
Note
Step 10
Step 11
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Source) dialog box opens.
Step 12
Either end node can be the circuit source.
Step 13
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Destination) dialog box opens.
Step 14
Choose the node that is not the source.
Step 15
The Circuit Creation (Circuit VLAN Selection) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-12).
Step 16
a.
The Circuit Creation (Define New VLAN) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-14).
b.
c.
This should be the next available number (between 2 and 4093) not already assigned to an existing VLAN. Each ONS 15454 network supports a maximum of 509 user-provisionable VLANs.
d.
e.
Step 17
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Routing Preferences) dialog box opens.
Step 18
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Note
Step 19
Step 20
Step 21
Step 22
Step 23
If the Single-card EtherSwitch checkbox is not checked, check it and click Apply.
Step 24
Step 25
Step 26
Step 27
Note
Step 28
Step 29
Step 30
Either end node can be the circuit source.
Step 31
Choose the node that is not the source.
Step 32
The Circuit Creation (Circuit VLAN Selection) dialog box is displayed.
Step 33
Step 34
Step 35
9.4.5 E Series Ethernet Manual Cross-Connects
ONS 15454s require end-to-end CTC visibility between nodes for normal provisioning of Ethernet circuits. When other vendors' equipment sits between ONS 15454s, OSI/TARP- based equipment does not allow tunneling of the ONS 15454 TCP/IP-based DCC. To circumvent this lack of continuous DCC, the Ethernet circuit must be manually cross connected to an STS channel riding through the non-ONS network. This allows an Ethernet circuit to run from ONS node to ONS node utilizing the non-ONS network.
Note
Figure 9-19 Ethernet manual cross-connects
Procedure: Provision an E Series Single-card EtherSwitch Manual Cross-Connect
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
If the Single-card EtherSwitch is not checked, check it and click Apply.
Step 5
Step 6
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Attributes) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-20).
Figure 9-20 Creating an Ethernet circuit
Step 7
Step 8
Note
Step 9
The valid circuit sizes for an Ethernet Multicard circuit are STS-1, STS-3c and STS-6c.
Step 10
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Source) dialog box opens.
Step 11
Step 12
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Destination) dialog box opens.
Step 13
Step 14
Step 15
Note
The Circuit Creation (Circuit VLAN Selection) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-15).
Step 16
a.
The Circuit Creation (Define New VLAN) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-14).
b.
c.
The VLAN ID should be the next available number (between 2 and 4093) that is not already assigned to an existing VLAN. Each ONS 15454 network supports a maximum of 509 user-provisionable VLANs.
d.
Figure 9-21 Selecting VLANs
e.
Step 17
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Routing Preferences) dialog box opens.
Step 18
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•
•
•
•
Note
Step 19
Step 20
Step 21
Note
Caution
Procedure: Provision an E Series Multicard EtherSwitch Manual Cross-Connect
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
If the Multicard-card EtherSwitch Group is not checked, check it and click Apply.
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Attributes) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-22).
Figure 9-22 Creating an Ethernet circuit
Step 8
Step 9
Note
Step 10
The valid circuit sizes for an Ethernet Multicard circuit are STS-1, STS-3c and STS-6c.
Step 11
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Source) dialog box opens.
Step 12
Step 13
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Destination) dialog box opens.
Step 14
Step 15
Note
The Circuit Creation (Circuit VLAN Selection) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-15).
Step 16
a.
The Circuit Creation (Define New VLAN) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-14).
b.
c.
The VLAN ID should be the next available number (between 2 and 4093) that is not already assigned to an existing VLAN. Each ONS 15454 network supports a maximum of 509 user-provisionable VLANs.
d.
Figure 9-23 Selecting VLANs
e.
Step 17
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Routing Preferences) dialog box opens.
Step 18
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•
•
•
•
Note
Step 19
You now need to provision the Ethernet ports and assign ports to VLANs. For port provisioning instructions, see the "Provision E Series Ethernet Ports" procedure. For assigning ports to VLANs, see the "Provision Ethernet Ports for VLAN Membership" procedure. Return to the following step after assigning the ports to VLANs.
Step 20
The Edit Circuit dialog box opens.
Step 21
The Define New Drop dialog box opens.
Step 22
Step 23
Step 24
Step 25
The Edit Circuit dialog box opens.
Step 26
Step 27
Note
Caution
9.5 G1000-4 Circuit Configurations
This section explains how to provision G1000-4 point-to-point circuits and Ethernet manual cross-connects. Ethernet manual cross-connects allow you to cross connect individual Ethernet circuits to an STS channel on the ONS 15454 optical interface and also to bridge non-ONS SONET network segments.
9.5.1 G1000-4 Point-to-Point Ethernet Circuits
G1000-4 cards support point-to-point circuit configuration. Provisionable circuit sizes are STS 1, STS 3c, STS 6c, STS 9c, STS 12c, STS 24c and STS 48c. Each Ethernet port maps to a unique STS circuit on the SONET side of the G1000-4.
Figure 9-24 A G1000-4 point-to-point circuit
The G1000-4 supports any combination of up to four circuits from the list of valid circuit sizes, however the circuit sizes can add up to no more than 48 STSs. Due to hardware constraints, the initial release of this card (software release 3.2) imposes additional restrictions on the combinations of circuits that can be dropped onto a G1000-4 card. These restrictions are transparently enforced by the ONS 15454, and you do not need to keep track of restricted circuit combinations.
The restriction occurs when a single STS-24c is dropped on a card. In this instance, the remaining circuits on that card can be another single STS-24c or any combination of circuits of STS-12c size or less that add up to no more than 12 STSs (i.e. a total of 36 STSs on the card).
No circuit restrictions are present, if STS-24c circuits are not being dropped on the card. The full 48 STSs bandwidth can be used (for example using either a single STS-48c or 4 STS-12c circuits).
Note
Note
Note
Caution
Caution
Procedure: Provision a G1000-4 Point-to-Point Circuit
Step 1
Step 2
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Attributes) dialog box opens. ( Figure 9-25)
Figure 9-25 Creating a G1000-4 circuit
Step 3
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The VT and VT Tunnel types do not apply to Ethernet circuits.
Step 5
The valid circuit sizes for a G1000-4 circuit are STS-1, STS-3c, STS-6c, STS-9c, STS-12c, STS-24c, and STS-48c.
Step 6
Note
Caution
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Source) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-26).
Figure 9-26 Circuit Creation dialog box
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Step 10
The Circuit Creation (Destination) dialog box opens.
Step 11
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Step 14
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Routing Preferences) dialog box opens.
Step 15
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Step 17
Note
9.5.2 G1000-4 Manual Cross-Connects
ONS 15454s require end-to-end CTC visibility between nodes for normal provisioning of Ethernet circuits. When other vendors' equipment sits between ONS 15454s, OSI/TARP-based equipment does not allow tunneling of the ONS 15454 TCP/IP-based DCC. To circumvent a lack of continuous DCC, the Ethernet circuit must be manually cross connected to an STS channel riding through the non-ONS network. This allows an Ethernet circuit to run from ONS node to ONS node while utilizing the non-ONS network.
Note
Figure 9-27 G1000-4 manual cross-connects
Procedure: Provision a G1000-4 Manual Cross-Connect
Step 1
Step 2
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Step 5
The VT and VT Tunnel types do not apply to Ethernet circuits.
Step 6
The valid circuit sizes for a G1000-4 circuit are STS-1, STS-3c, STS-6c, STS-9c, STS-12c, STS-24c, and STS-48c.
Step 7
The Circuit Creation (Circuit Source) dialog box opens ( Figure 9-28).
Figure 9-28 Circuit Creation (Circuit Source) dialog box
Step 8
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The Circuit Creation (Destination) dialog box opens.
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Caution
9.6 E Series VLAN Support
Users can provision up to 509 VLANs with the CTC software. Specific sets of ports define the broadcast domain for the ONS 15454. The definition of VLAN ports includes all Ethernet and packet-switched SONET port types. All VLAN IP address discovery, flooding, and forwarding is limited to these ports.
The ONS 15454 802.1Q-based VLAN mechanism provides logical isolation of subscriber LAN traffic over a common SONET transport infrastructure. Each subscriber has an Ethernet port at each site, and each subscriber is assigned to a VLAN. Although the subscriber's VLAN data flows over shared circuits, the service appears to the subscriber as a private data transport.
9.6.1 E Series Q-Tagging (IEEE 802.1Q)
IEEE 802.1Q allows the same physical port to host multiple 802.1Q VLANs. Each 802.1Q VLAN represents a different logical network.
The ONS 15454 works with Ethernet devices that support IEEE 802.1Q and those that do not support IEEE 802.1Q. If a device attached to an ONS 15454 Ethernet port does not support IEEE 802.1Q, the ONS 15454 only uses Q-tags internally. The ONS 15454 associates these Q-tags with specific ports.
With Ethernet devices that do not support IEEE 802.1Q, the ONS 15454 takes non-tagged Ethernet frames that enter the ONS network and uses a Q-tag to assign the packet to the VLAN associated with the ONS network's ingress port. The receiving ONS node removes the Q-tag when the frame leaves the ONS network (to prevent older Ethernet equipment from incorrectly identifying the 8021.Q packet as an illegal frame). The ingress and egress ports on the ONS network must be set to Untag for the process to occur. Untag is the default setting for ONS ports. Example #1 in Figure 9-29 illustrates Q-tag use only within an ONS network.
With Ethernet devices that support IEEE 802.1Q, the ONS 15454 uses the Q-tag attached by the external Ethernet devices. Packets enter the ONS network with an existing Q-tag; the ONS 15454 uses this same Q-tag to forward the packet within the ONS network and leaves the Q-tag attached when the packet leaves the ONS network. Set both entry and egress ports on the ONS network to Tagged for this process to occur. Example #2 in Figure 9-29 illustrates the handling of packets that both enter and exit the ONS network with a Q-tag.
For more information about setting ports to Tagged and Untag, see the "Provision Ethernet Ports for VLAN Membership" procedure.
Figure 9-29 A Q-tag moving through a VLAN
9.6.2 E Series Priority Queuing (IEEE 802.1Q)
Note
Networks without priority queuing handle all packets on a first-in-first-out basis. Priority queuing reduces the impact of network congestion by mapping Ethernet traffic to different priority levels. The ONS 15454 supports priority queuing. The ONS 15454 takes the eight priorities specified in IEEE 802.1Q and maps them to two queues ( Table 9-7). Q-tags carry priority queuing information through the network.
The ONS 15454 uses a "leaky bucket" algorithm to establish a weighted priority (not a strict priority). A weighted priority gives high-priority packets greater access to bandwidth, but does not totally preempt low-priority packets. During periods of network congestion, roughly 70% of bandwidth goes to the high-priority queue and the remaining 30% goes to the low-priority queue. A network that is too congested will drop packets.
Figure 9-30 The priority queuing process
9.6.3 E Series VLAN Membership
This section explains how to provision Ethernet ports for VLAN membership. For initial port provisioning (prior to provisioning VLAN membership) see the "E Series Port Provisioning" section.
Caution
Procedure: Provision Ethernet Ports for VLAN Membership
The ONS 15454 allows you to configure the VLAN membership and Q-tag handling of individual Ethernet ports.
Step 1
Step 2
Figure 9-31 Configuring VLAN membership for individual Ethernet ports
Step 3
If a port is a member of only one VLAN, go to that VLAN's row and choose Untag from the Port column. Choose -- for all the other VLAN rows in that Port column. The VLAN with Untag selected can connect to the port, but other VLANs cannot access that port.
If a port is a trunk port, it connects multiple VLANs to an external device, such as a switch, which also supports trunking. A trunk port must have tagging (802.1Q) enabled for all the VLANs that connect to that external device. Choose Tagged at all VLAN rows that need to be trunked. Choose Untag at one or more VLAN rows in the trunk port's column that do not need to be trunked, for example, the default VLAN. Each Ethernet port must attached to at least one untagged VLAN.
Step 4
Note
Note
9.7 E Series Spanning Tree (IEEE 802.1D)
The Cisco ONS 15454 operates spanning tree protocol (STP) according to IEEE 802.1D when an Ethernet card is installed. STP operates over all packet-switched ports including Ethernet and SONET ports. On Ethernet ports, STP is disabled by default but may be enabled with a check box under the Provisioning > Port tabs at the card-level view. On SONET interface ports, STP activates by default and cannot be disabled.
The Ethernet card can enable STP on the Ethernet ports to allow redundant paths to the attached Ethernet equipment. STP spans cards so that both equipment and facilities are protected against failure.
STP detects and eliminates network loops. When STP detects multiple paths between any two network hosts, STP blocks ports until only one path exists between any two network hosts ( Figure 9-32). The single path eliminates possible bridge loops. This is crucial for shared packet rings, which naturally include a loop.
Figure 9-32 An STP blocked path
To remove loops, STP defines a tree that spans all the switches in an extended network. STP forces certain redundant data paths into a standby (blocked) state. If one network segment in the STP becomes unreachable, the spanning-tree algorithm reconfigures the spanning-tree topology and reactivates the blocked path to reestablish the link. STP operation is transparent to end stations, which do not discriminate between connections to a single LAN segment or to a switched LAN with multiple segments. The ONS 15454 supports one STP instance per circuit and a maximum of eight STP instances per ONS 15454.
9.7.1 E Series Multi-Instance Spanning Tree and VLANs
The ONS 15454 can operate multiple instances of STP to support VLANs in a looped topology. You can dedicate separate circuits across the SONET ring for different VLAN groups (i.e., one for private TLS services and one for Internet access). Each circuit runs its own STP to maintain VLAN connectivity in a multi-ring environment.
Procedure: Enable E Series Spanning Tree on Ethernet Ports
Step 1
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9.7.2 E Series Spanning Tree Parameters
Default spanning tree parameters are appropriate for most situations. Contact the Cisco Technical Assistance Center (TAC) at 1-877-323-7368 before you change the default STP parameters.
At the node view, click the Maintenance > Etherbridge > Spanning Trees tabs to view spanning tree parameters.
9.7.3 E Series Spanning Tree Configuration
To view the spanning tree configuration, at the node view click the Provisioning tab and Etherbridge subtab.
9.7.4 E Series Spanning Tree Map
The Circuit screen shows forwarding spans and blocked spans on the spanning tree map.
Procedure: View the E Series Spanning Tree Map
Step 1
Figure 9-33 The spanning tree map on the circuit screen
Note
9.8 G1000-4 Performance and Maintenance Screens
CTC provides Ethernet performance information, including line-level parameters, the amount of port bandwidth used, and historical Ethernet statistics. CTC also includes spanning tree information, MAC address information, and the amount of circuit bandwidth used. To view spanning tree information, see the "E Series Spanning Tree Parameters" section.
9.8.1 G1000-4 Ethernet Performance Screen
CTC provides Ethernet performance information that include line-level parameters, the amount of port bandwidth used, and historical Ethernet statistics.
9.8.1.1 Statistics Window
The Ethernet statistics screen lists Ethernet parameters at the line level. Display the CTC card view for the Ethernet card and click the Performance > Statistics tabs to display the screen.
Figure 9-34 G1000-4 Statistics window
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9.8.1.2 Utilization Window
The Utilization subtab shows the percentage of current and past line bandwidth used by the Ethernet ports. Display the CTC card view and click the Performance and Utilization tabs to display the screen. From the Interval menu, choose a time segment interval. Valid intervals are 1 minute, 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 1 day. Press Refresh to update the data.
Note
9.8.1.3 G Series Utilization Formula
The utilization screen numbers may differ from the numbers encountered on an Ethernet test set. The G series line utilization numbers express the average of ingress and egress traffic as a percentage of the total capacity. Line utilization is calculated with the following formula: (InOctets + OutOctets)*8*100/ (intervals*maxRate). The interval is defined in seconds. maxRate is defined by raw bits/second in one direction for the Ethernet port (i.e. 1 Gbps). maxRate is multiplied by 2 in the denominator to determine the raw bit rate in both directions.
9.8.1.4 History Window
The Ethernet History subtab lists past Ethernet statistics. At the CTC card view, click the Performance tab and History subtab to view the screen. Choose the appropriate port from the Line menu and the appropriate interval from the Interval menu. Press Refresh to update the data.
9.8.2 G1000-4 Ethernet Maintenance Screen
When a G1000-4 card is installed in the ONS 15454, the Maintenance tab under CTC card view reveals a Maintenance screen with two tabs Loopback and Bandwidth. The Loopback screen allows you put an individual G1000-4 port into a Terminal (inward) loopback. The Bandwidth screen displays the amount of current STS bandwidth the card is using.
Figure 9-35 The G1000-4 Maintenance tab, including loopback and bandwidth information
Caution
Note
9.8.3 E-Series Ethernet Performance Screen
CTC provides Ethernet performance information that includes line-level parameters, the amount of port bandwidth used, and historical Ethernet statistics.
9.8.3.1 Statistics Window
The Ethernet statistics screen lists Ethernet parameters at the line level. Table 9-14 defines the parameters. Display the CTC card view for the Ethernet card and click the Performance > Statistics tabs to display the screen.
The Baseline button resets the statistics values on the Statistics screen to zero. The Refresh button manually refreshes statistics. Auto-Refresh sets a time interval for automatic refresh of statistics to occur.
The G1000-4 Statistics screen also has a Clear button. The Clear button sets the values on the card to zero. Using the Clear button will not cause the G1000-4 to reset.
9.8.3.2 Line Utilization Window
The Line Utilization window shows the percentage of line, or port, bandwidth used and the percentage used in the past. Display the CTC card view and click the Performance and Utilization tabs to display the screen. From the Interval menu, choose a time segment interval. Valid intervals are 1 minute, 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 1 day. Press Refresh to update the data.
9.8.3.3 E Series Utilization Formula
The utilization screen numbers may differ from the numbers encountered on an Ethernet test set. The line utilization numbers express the average of ingress and egress traffic as a percentage of the total capacity. Line utilization is calculated with the following formula: (InOctets + OutOctets)*8 bits/octets/100/ intervals*(maxRate*2). Intervals is defined in seconds. maxRate is defined by raw bits/second in one direction for the circuit. maxRate is multiplied by 2 in the denominator to get the raw bit rate in both directions.
Table 9-15 maxRate for STS circuits
STS-1
51840000
STS-3c
155000000
STS-6c
311000000
STS-12c
622000000
This formula does not take into account the HDLC headers, SONET header and inter-frame gap. This means that the line utilization numbers will not reach 100%. It also means that smaller packet sizes will result in lower utilization figures.
Note
9.8.3.4 History Window
The Ethernet History screen lists past Ethernet statistics. At the CTC card view, click the Performance tab and History subtab to view the screen. Choose the appropriate port from the Line menu and the appropriate interval from the Interval menu. Press Refresh to update the data. Table 9-14 defines the listed parameters.
9.8.4 E-Series Ethernet Maintenance Screen
Display an E-series Ethernet card in CTC card view and choose the Maintenance tab to display MAC address and bandwidth information.
9.8.4.1 MAC Table Window
A MAC address is a hardware address that physically identifies a network device. The ONS 15454 MAC table, also known as the MAC forwarding table, will allow you to see all the MAC addresses attached to the enabled ports of an E series Ethernet card or an E series Ethernet Group. This includes the MAC address of the network device attached directly to the port and any MAC addresses on the network linked to the port. The MAC addresses table lists the MAC addresses stored by the ONS 15454 and the VLAN, Slot/Port/STS, and circuit that links the ONS 15454 to each MAC address ( Figure 9-36).
Figure 9-36 MAC addresses recorded in the MAC table
Procedure: Retrieve the MAC Table Information
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Note
9.8.4.2 Trunk Utilization Window
The Trunk Utilization screen is similar to the Line Utilization screen, but Trunk Utilization shows the percentage of circuit bandwidth used rather than the percentage of line bandwidth used. Click the Maintenance > Ether Bridge > Trunk Utilization tabs to view the screen. Choose a time segment interval from the Interval menu.
Note
9.9 Remote Monitoring Specification Alarm Thresholds
The ONS 15454 features Remote Monitoring (RMON) that allows network operators to monitor the health of the network with a Network Management System (NMS). For a detailed description of the ONS SNMP implementation, see the Chapter 11, "SNMP."
One of the ONS 15454's RMON MIBs is the Alarm group. The alarm group consists of the alarmTable. An NMS uses the alarmTable to find the alarm-causing thresholds for network performance. The thresholds apply to the current 15-minute interval and the current 24-hour interval. RMON monitors several variables, such as Ethernet collisions, and triggers an event when the variable crosses a threshold during that time interval. For example, if a threshold is set at 1000 collisions and 1001 collisions occur during the 15-minute interval, an event triggers. CTC allows you to provision these thresholds for Ethernet statistics.
Note
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Procedure: Creating Ethernet RMON Alarm Thresholds
Step 1
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The Create Ether Threshold dialog box opens.
Figure 9-37 Creating RMON thresholds
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Note
Step 11
A falling threshold is the counterpart to a rising threshold. When the number of occurrences is above the rising threshold and then drops below a falling threshold, it resets the rising threshold. For example, when the network problem that caused 1001 collisions in 15 minutes subsides and creates only 799 collisions in 15 minutes, occurrences fall below a falling threshold of 800 collisions. This resets the rising threshold so that if network collisions again spike over a 1000 per 15 minute period, an event again triggers when the rising threshold is crossed. An event is triggered only the first time a rising threshold is exceeded (otherwise a single network problem might cause a rising threshold to be exceeded multiple times and cause a flood of events).
Step 12
