> Mobility Management Entity Overview
> The Cisco ASR 5000 chassis provides Long Term Evolution (LTE)/System Architecture Evolution (SAE) wireless carriers with a flexible solution that functions as a Mobility Management Entity (MME) in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) LTE/SAE wireless data networks.
> This overview provides general information about the MME including:

> • | SAE Network Summary

> • | Product Description

> • | Product Specification

> • | Network Deployment and Interfaces

> • | Features and Functionality - Base Software

> • | Features and Functionality - External Application Support

> • | Features and Functionality - Licensed Enhanced Feature Software

> • | How the MME Works

> • | Supported Standards

> SAE Network Summary
> The System Architecture Evolution was developed to provide a migration path for 3GPP systems and introduce higher data rates and lower latency for a variety of radio access technologies. SAE defines the packet network supporting the high-bandwidth radio network as the Evolved Packet Core (EPC). The EPC provides mobility between 3GPP (Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and LTE) and non-3GPP radio access technologies, including code division multiple access (CDMA), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), WiFi, High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), evolved HRPD, and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)-defined Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks (TISPAN) networks.
> The following figure shows the interworking of the EPC with the different radio access technologies.
> E-UTRAN / EPC Network Components
> The Enhanced UTRAN (E-UTRAN) / EPC network is comprised of the following components:
> eNodeB
> The evolved NodeB (eNodeB), the E-UTRAN base station, is one of two nodes in the SAE Architecture user plane (the other is the Serving Gateway (S-GW)). The eNodeB communicates with other eNodeBs via the X2 interface. The eNodeB communicates with the EPC via the S1 interface. The user plane interface is the S1-U connection to S-GW. The signaling plane interface is the S1-MME connection to MME.
> Basic functions supported include:

> • | Radio resource management, radio bearer control, and scheduling

> • | IP header compression and encryption of user data streams

> • | Selection of MME at UE attachment (if not determined by information sent from the UE)

> • | Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the MME)

> • | Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from the MME or OA&M)

> • | Measurement & measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling

> Mobility Management Entity (MME)
> The MME is the key control-node for the LTE access-network. The MME provides the following basic functions:

> • | Network Access Signaling (NAS)

> • | signalling

> • | signalling security

> • | User Equipment (UE) access in ECM-IDLE state (including control and execution of paging retransmission)

> • | Tracking Area (TA) list management

> • | PDN Gateway (P-GW) and S-GW selection

> • | MME selection for handovers with MME change

> • | SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G 3GPP access networks

> • | Terminates the interface from the Home Subscriber Service (HSS) over S6a

> • | Authentication

> • | Bearer management functions including dedicated bearer establishment

> • | Transparent transfer of HRPD signalling messages and transfer of status information between E-UTRAN and HRPD access, as specified in the pre-registration and handover flows

> Serving Gateway (S-GW)
> For each UE associated with the EPS, there is a single S-GW at any given time providing the following basic functions:

> • | Terminates the interface towards E-UTRAN (S1-U)

> • | Functions (for both the GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)-based and the Proxy Mobile IP (PMIP)-based S5/S8) include:

> • | local mobility anchor point for inter-eNodeB handover

> • | mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility (terminating S4 and relaying the traffic between 2G/3G system and P-GW)

> • | EPS Connection Management (ECM)-IDLE mode downlink packet buffering and initiation of network triggered service request procedure

> • | lawful intercept

> • | packet routing and forwarding

> • | transport level packet marking in the uplink and the downlink (e.g. setting the DiffServ Code Point)

> • | Accounting

> • | Handling of Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement messages if PMIP based S5 and S8 are used

> • | Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) for PMIP based S5 and S8

> PDN Gateway (P-GW)
> For each UE associated with the Evolved Packet System (EPS), there is at least one P-GW providing access to the requested PDN. If a UE is accessing multiple PDNs, there may be more than one P-GW for that UE. The P-GW provides the following basic functions:

> • | Terminates the interface towards the PDN (SGi)

> • | P-GW functions (for both the GTP-based and the PMIP-based S5/S8) include:

> • | per-user packet filtering (e.g. deep packet inspection)

> • | lawful intercept

> • | UE IP address allocation

> • | Uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) service level charging, gating control, and service level rate enforcement

> • | DL rate enforcement based on Aggregate Max Bit Rate (AMBR) and based on the accumulated MBRs of the aggregate of Service Data Flows (SDFs) with the same Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) QoS Class Index (QCI)

> • | Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) for PMIPv6

> Product Description
> This section describes the MME network function and its position in the LTE network.
> The MME is the key control-node for the LTE access network. It works in conjunction with the evolved NodeB (eNodeB), Serving Gateway (S-GW) within the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), or LTE/SAE core network to perform the following functions:

> • | Involved in the bearer activation/deactivation process and is also responsible for choosing the S-GW and for a UE at the initial attach and at the time of intra-LTE handover involving Core Network (CN) node relocation.

> • | Provides P-GW selection for subscriber to connect to PDN.

> • | Provides idle mode UE tracking and paging procedure, including retransmissions.

> • | Chooses the appropriate S-GW for a UE.

> • | Responsible for authenticating the user (by interacting with the HSS).

> • | Works as termination point for Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling.

> • | Responsible for generation and allocation of temporary identities to UEs.

> • | Checks the authorization of the UE to camp on the service provider’s Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and enforces UE roaming restrictions.

> • | The MME is the termination point in the network for ciphering/integrity protection for NAS signaling and handles the security key management.

> • | Communicates with MMEs in same PLMN or on different PLMNs. The S10 interface is used for MME relocation and MME-to-MME information transfer or handoff.

> Besides the above mentioned functions, the lawful interception of signaling is also supported by the MME.
> The MME also provides the control plane function for mobility between LTE and 2G/3G access networks with the S3 interface terminating at the MME from the SGSN. In addition, the MME interfaces with Gn/Gp SGSN for interconnecting to the legacy network.
> The MME also terminates the S6a interface towards the home HSS for roaming UEs.
> MME in the E-UTRAN/EPC Network Topology
> In accordance with 3GPP standard, the MME provides following functions and procedures in the LTE/SAE network:

> • | Non Access Stratum (NAS) signalling

> • | NAS signalling security

> • | Inter CN node signalling for mobility between 3GPP access networks (terminating S3)

> • | UE Reachability in ECM-IDLE state (including control and execution of paging retransmission)

> • | Tracking Area list management

> • | PDN GW and Serving GW selection

> • | MME selection for handover with MME change

> • | SGSN selection for handover to 2G or 3G 3GPP access networks

> • | Roaming (S6a towards home HSS)

> • | Authentication

> • | Bearer management functions including dedicated bearer establishment

> • | Lawful Interception of signalling traffic

> • | Warning message transfer function (including selection of appropriate eNodeB)

> • | UE Reachability procedures

> • | Interfaces with MSC for Voice paging

> • | Interfaces with Gn/Gp SGSN for interconnecting to legacy network

> • | MAP based Gr interface to legacy HLR

> Product Specification
> This section describes the hardware and software requirement for MME service.
> The following information is located in this section:

> • | Licenses

> • | Hardware Requirements

> • | Operating System Requirements

> Licenses
> The MME is a licensed product. A session use license key must be acquired and installed to use the MME service. The following session use licenses are available:

> • | ASR5K-00-ME01BASE

> This license supports up to 1000 sessions and includes Session Recovery and Enhanced Lawful Intercept.

> • | ASR5K-00-ME10LIC

> This license supports up to 10,000 sessions and includes Session Recovery and Enhanced Lawful Intercept.
> Apart from base software license, MME requires feature licenses for various enhanced features supported on ASR 5000 platform with MME service.
> For more information on supported features, refer to the Features and Functionality sections in this chapter.
> Hardware Requirements
> Information in this section describes the hardware required to enable the MME service.
> Platforms
> The MME service operates on the following platform(s):

> • | ASR 5000

> System Hardware Components
> The following application and line cards are required to support MME services on the system:

> • | System Management Cards (SMC): Provides full system control and management of all cards within the ASR 5000 platform. Up to two SMC can be installed; one active, one redundant.

> • | Packet Services Cards (PSC/PSC2/PSC3): Within the ASR 5000 platform, PSCs/PSC2s/PSC3s provide high-speed, multi-threaded EPS Bearer context processing capabilities for MME services. Up to 14 PSCs/PSC2s/PSC3s can be installed, allowing for multiple active and/or redundant cards.

> • | Switch Processor Input/Outputs (SPIOs): Installed in the upper-rear chassis slots directly behind the SPCs/SMCs, SPIOs provide connectivity for local and remote management, central office (CO) alarms. Up to two SPIOs can be installed; one active, one redundant.

> • | Line Cards: The following rear-loaded line cards are currently supported by the system:

> • | Ethernet 10/100 (FELC) and/or Ethernet 1000 Line Cards (GELC): Installed directly behind PSCs, these cards provide the physical interfaces to elements in the LTE/SAE network. Up to 26 line cards should be installed for a fully loaded system with 13 active PSCs/PSC2/PSC3, 13 in the upper-rear slots and 13 in the lower-rear slots for redundancy. Redundant PSCs/PSC2s/PSC3s do not require line cards.

> • | Quad Gig-E Line Cards (QGLCs): The 4-port Gigabit Ethernet line card is used in the ASR 5000 system only and is commonly referred to as the Quad-GigE Line Card or the QGLC. The QGLC is installed directly behind its associated PSC/PSC2 to provide network connectivity to the packet data network.

> • | 10 Gig-E Line Cards (XGLCs): The 10 Gigabit Ethernet Line Card is used in the ASR 5000 system only and is commonly referred to as the XGLC. The XGLC supports higher speed connections to packet core equipment, increases effective throughput between the ASR 5000 and the packet core network, and reduces the number of physical ports needed on the ASR 5000.

> The one-port XGLC supports the IEEE 802.3-2005 revision which defines full duplex operation of 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
> The XGLC is configured and monitored via the System Management Card (SMC) over the system’s control bus. Both SMCs must be active to maintain maximum forwarding rates.

> • | Redundancy Crossbar Cards (RCCs): Installed in the lower-rear chassis slots directly behind the SPCs/SMCs, RCCs utilize 5 Gbps serial links to ensure connectivity between Ethernet 10/100/Ethernet 1000/Quad Gig-E/10 Gig-E line cards and every PSC/PSC2 in the system for redundancy. Two RCCs can be installed to provide redundancy for all line cards and PSCs/PSC2a.

> Important: Additional information pertaining to each of the application and line cards required to support LTE/SAE services is located in the Hardware Platform Overview chapter of the Product Overview Guide.
> Operating System Requirements
> The MME is available for ASR 5000 platforms running StarOS™ Release 9.0 or later.
> Network Deployment and Interfaces
> This section describes the supported interfaces and deployment scenario of MME in LTE/SAE network.
> The following information is provided in this section:

> • | MME in the LTE/SAE Network

> • | Supported Interfaces

> MME in the LTE/SAE Network
> The following figure displays a simplified network view of the MME and how it interconnects with other 3GPP Evolved-UTRAN/Evolved Packet Core network devices.
> Interfaces in the E-UTRAN/EPC Network
> Supported Interfaces
> The following figure displays the specific network interfaces between a Mobility Management Entity and other network components.
> Supported MME Interfaces in the E-UTRAN/EPC Network
> The MME supports the following network interfaces/reference points:

> • | S1-MME Interface: This interface is the reference point for the control plane protocol between eNodeB and MME. S1-MME uses S1- Application Protocol (S1-AP) over Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as the transport layer protocol for guaranteed delivery of signaling messages between MME and eNodeB (S1).

> This is the interface used by the MME to communicate with eNodeBs on the same LTE Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). This interface serves as path for establishing and maintaining subscriber UE contexts.
> The S1-MME interface supports IPv4, IPv6, IPSec, and multi-homing.
> One or more S1-MME interfaces can be configured per system context.

> • | S3 Interface: This is the interface used by the MME to communicate with Release 8 SGSNs on the same Public PLMN for interworking between GPRS/UMTS and LTE network access technologies. This interface serves as the signalling path for establishing and maintaining subscriber UE contexts.

> The MME communicates with SGSNs on the PLMN using the GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP). The signalling or control aspect of this protocol is referred to as the GTP Control Plane (GTPC) while the encapsulated user data traffic is referred to as the GTP User Plane (GTPU).
> One or more S3 interfaces can be configured per system context.

> • | S6a Interface: This is the interface used by the MME to communicate with the Home Subscriber Server (HSS). The HSS is responsible for transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access and UE context authentication. The MME communicates with the HSSs on the PLMN using Diameter protocol.

> One or more S6a interfaces can be configured per system context.

> • | S10 Interface: This is the interface used by the MME to communicate with an MME in the same PLMN or on different PLMNs. This interface is also used for MME relocation and MME-to-MME information transfer or handoff.

> One or more S10 interfaces can be configured per system context.

> • | S11 Interface: This interface provides communication between MME and Serving Gateways (S-GW) for information transfer using GTPv2 protocol.

> One or more S11 interfaces can be configured per system context.

> • | S13 Interface: This interface provides communication between MME and Equipment Identity Register (EIR).

> One or more S13 interfaces can be configured per system context.

> • | SGs Interface: The SGs interface connects the databases in the VLR and the MME to support circuit switch fallback scenarios.

> • | Sv Interface: This interface connects the MME to a Mobile Switching Center to support the exchange of messages during a handover procedure for the Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) feature.

> • | DNS Interface: MME supports the DNS interface for MME, S-GW, P-GW, and SGSN selection in the EPS core network. The MME uses the Tracking Area List as a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) to locate the address to establish the call with.

> One or more DNS interface can be configured per system context.

> • | Gn Interface: Gn interfaces facilitate user mobility between 2G/3G 3GPP networks. The Gn interface is used for intra-PLMN handovers. The MME supports pre-Release-8 Gn interfaces to allow inter-operation between EPS networks and 2G/3G 3GPP networks.

> Roaming and inter access mobility between Gn/Gp 2G and/or 3G SGSNs and an MME/S-GW are enabled by:

> • | Gn functionality, as specified between two Gn/Gp SGSNs, which is provided by the MME, and

> • | Gp functionality, as specified between Gn/Gp SGSN and Gn/Gp GGSN, that is provided by the P-GW.

> Important: MME Software also supports additional interfaces. For more information on additional interfaces, refer to the Features and Functionality - Licensed Enhanced Feature Software section.
> Features and Functionality - Base Software
> This section describes the features and functions supported by default in the base software on the MME service and do not require any additional licenses.
> Important: To configure the basic service and functionality on the system for MME service, refer configuration examples provide in MME Administration Guide.
> This section describes following features:

> • | 3GPP R8 Identity Support

> • | ANSI T1.276 Compliance

> • | APN Restriction Support

> • | Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA)

> • | Bulk Statistics Support

> • | Congestion Control

> • | Emergency Session Support

> • | EPS Bearer Context Support

> • | EPS GTPv2 Support on S11 Interface

> • | HSS Support Over S6a Interface

> • | Inter-MME Handover Support

> • | Interworking Support

> • | IPv6 Support

> • | Load Balancing

> • | Management System Overview

> • | MME Pooling

> • | MME Selection

> • | Mobile Equipment Identity Check

> • | Mobility Restriction

> • | Multiple PDN Support

> • | NAS Protocol Support

> • | NAS Signalling Security

> • | Operator Policy Support

> • | Overload Management in MME

> • | Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) Selection

> • | Radio Resource Management Functions

> • | RAN Information Management

> • | Reachability Management

> • | SCTP Multi-homing Support

> • | Serving Gateway Pooling Support

> • | Serving Gateway Selection

> • | Subscriber Level Session Trace

> • | Threshold Crossing Alerts (TCA) Support

> • | Tracking Area List Management

> • | UMTS to LTE ID Mapping

> 3GPP R8 Identity Support
> Provides the identity allocation of following type:

> • | EPS Bearer Identity

> • | Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity (GUTI)

> • | Tracking Area Identity (TAI)

> • | MME S1-AP UE Identity (MME S1-AP UE ID)

> • | EPS Bearer Identity: An EPS bearer identity uniquely identifies EPS bearers within a user session for attachment to the E-UTRAN access and EPC core networks. The EPS Bearer Identity is allocated by the MME. There is a one to one mapping between EPS Radio Bearers via the E-UTRAN radio access network and EPS Bearers via the S1-MME interface between the eNodeB and MME. There is also a one-to-one mapping between EPS Radio Bearer Identity via the S1 and X2 interfaces and the EPS Bearer Identity assigned by the MME.

> • | Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity (GUTI): The MME allocates a Globally Unique Temporary Identity (GUTI) to the UE. A GUTI has; 1) unique identity for MME which allocated the GUTI; and 2) the unique identity of the UE within the MME that allocated the GUTI.

> Within the MME, the mobile is identified by the M-TMSI.
> The Globally Unique MME Identifier (GUMMEI) is constructed from MCC, MNC and MME Identifier (MMEI). In turn the MMEI is constructed from an MME Group ID (MMEGI) and an MME Code (MMEC).
> The GUTI is constructed from the GUMMEI and the M-TMSI.
> For paging, the mobile is paged with the S-TMSI. The S-TMSI is constructed from the MMEC and the M-TMSI.
> The operator needs to ensure that the MMEC is unique within the MME pool area and, if overlapping pool areas are in use, unique within the area of overlapping MME pools.
> The GUTI is used to support subscriber identity confidentiality, and, in the shortened S-TMSI form, to enable more efficient radio signaling procedures (e.g. paging and Service Request).

> • | Tracking Area Identity (TAI): Provides the function to assign the TAI list to the mobile access device to limit the frequency of Tracking Area Updates in the network. The TAI is the identity used to identify the tracking area or group of cells in which the idle mode access terminal will be paged when a remote host attempts to reach that user. The TAI consists of the Mobile Country Code (MCC), Mobile Network Code (MNC) and Tracking Area Code (TAC).

> • | MME S1-AP UE Identity (MME S1-AP UE ID): This is the temporary identity used to identify a UE on the S1-MME reference point within the MME. It is unique within the MME per S1-MME reference point instance.

> ANSI T1.276 Compliance
> ANSI T1.276 specifies security measures for Network Elements (NE). In particular it specifies guidelines for password strength, storage, and maintenance security measures.
> ANSI T1.276 specifies several measures for password security. These measures include:

> • | Password strength guidelines

> • | Password storage guidelines for network elements

> • | Password maintenance, e.g. periodic forced password changes

> These measures are applicable to the ASR 5000 and the Web Element Manager since both require password authentication. A subset of these guidelines where applicable to each platform will be implemented. A known subset of guidelines, such as certificate authentication, are not applicable to either product. Furthermore, the platforms support a variety of authentication methods such as RADIUS and SSH which are dependent on external elements. ANSI T1.276 compliance in such cases will be the domain of the external element. ANSI T1.276 guidelines will only be implemented for locally configured operators.
> APN Restriction Support
> The APN-Restriction value may be configured for each APN in the P-GW and transferred to the MME. It is used to determine, on a per-MS basis, whether it is allowed to establish EPS bearers to other APNs.
> The APN-Restriction value is defined in clause 15.4 of 3GPP TS 23.060. APN-Restriction affects multiple procedures, such as Initial Attach, TAU, PDN connectivity, and inter-MME handovers. The MME saves the APN-Restriction value received in create session response for an APN and uses the maximum of the values from the currently active PDNs in the next create session request. If a PDN is disconnected, then the maximum APN-Restriction is adjusted accordingly.
> Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA)
> The MME provides EPS Authentication and Key Agreement mechanism for user authentication procedure over the E-UTRAN. The Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) mechanism performs authentication and session key distribution in networks. AKA is a challenge- response based mechanism that uses symmetric cryptography. AKA is typically run in a Services Identity Module.
> AKA is the procedure that take between the user and network to authenticate themselves towards each other and to provide other security features such as integrity and confidentiality protection.
> In a logical order this follows the following procedure:

> • | Authentication: Performs authentication by identifying the user to the network and identifying the network to the user.

> • | Key agreement: Performs key agreement by generating the cipher key and generating the integrity key.

> • | Protection: When the AKA procedure is performed, it protects the integrity of messages, the confidentiality of the signalling data, and the confidentiality of the user data.

> Bulk Statistics Support
> The system's support for bulk statistics allows operators to choose to view not only statistics that are of importance to them, but also to configure the format in which it is presented. This simplifies the post-processing of statistical data since it can be formatted to be parsed by external, back-end processors.
> When used in conjunction with the Web Element Manager, the data can be parsed, archived, and graphed.
> The system can be configured to collect bulk statistics (performance data) and send them to a collection server (called a receiver). Bulk statistics are statistics that are collected in a group. The individual statistics are grouped by schema. Following is a partial list of supported schemas:

> • | System: Provides system-level statistics

> • | Card: Provides card-level statistics

> • | Port: Provides port-level statistics

> • | MME: Provides MME service statistics

> • | GTPC: Provides GPRS Tunneling Protocol - Control message statistics

> The system supports the configuration of up to 4 sets (primary/secondary) of receivers. Each set can be configured with to collect specific sets of statistics from the various schemas. Statistics can be pulled manually from the chassis or sent at configured intervals. The bulk statistics are stored on the receiver(s) in files.
> The format of the bulk statistic data files can be configured by the user. Users can specify the format of the file name, file headers, and/or footers to include information such as the date, chassis host name, chassis uptime, the IP address of the system generating the statistics (available for only for headers and footers), and/or the time that the file was generated.
> When the Web Element Manager is used as the receiver, it is capable of further processing the statistics data through XML parsing, archiving, and graphing.
> The Bulk Statistics Server component of the Web Element Manager parses collected statistics and stores the information in the PostgreSQL database. If XML file generation and transfer is required, this element generates the XML output and can send it to a Northbound NMS or an alternate bulk statistics server for further processing.
> Additionally, if archiving of the collected statistics is desired, the Bulk Statistics server writes the files to an alternative directory on the server. A specific directory can be configured by the administrative user or the default directory can be used. Regardless, the directory can be on a local file system or on an NFS-mounted file system on the Web Element Manager server.
> Congestion Control
> The congestion control feature allows you to set policies and thresholds and specify how the system reacts when faced with a heavy load condition.
> Congestion control monitors the system for conditions that could potentially degrade performance when the system is under heavy load. Typically, these conditions are temporary (for example, high CPU or memory utilization) and are quickly resolved. However, continuous or large numbers of these conditions within a specific time interval may have an impact the system’s ability to service subscriber sessions. Congestion control helps identify such conditions and invokes policies for addressing the situation.
> Congestion control operation is based on configuring the following:

> • | Congestion Condition Thresholds: Thresholds dictate the conditions for which congestion control is enabled and establishes limits for defining the state of the system (congested or clear). These thresholds function in a way similar to operation thresholds that are configured for the system as described in the Thresholding Configuration Guide. The primary difference is that when congestion thresholds are reached, a service congestion policy and an SNMP trap, starCongestion, are generated.

> A threshold tolerance dictates the percentage under the configured threshold that must be reached in order for the condition to be cleared. An SNMP trap, starCongestionClear, is then triggered.

> • | Port Utilization Thresholds: If you set a port utilization threshold, when the average utilization of all ports in the system reaches the specified threshold, congestion control is enabled.

> • | Port-specific Thresholds: If you set port-specific thresholds, when any individual port-specific threshold is reached, congestion control is enabled system-wide.

> • | Service Congestion Policies: Congestion policies are configurable for each service. These policies dictate how services respond when the system detects that a congestion condition threshold has been crossed.

> Congestion control can be used in conjunction with the load balancing feature provided on the MME. For more information on MME load balancing, refer to the Load Balancing section in this chapter.
> Important: For more information on congestion control, refer to the Congestion Control chapter in the Cisco ASR 5000 Series System Administration Guide.
> Emergency Session Support
> The MME supports the creation of emergency bearer services which, in turn, support IMS emergency sessions. Emergency bearer services are provided to normally attached UEs and to UEs that are in a limited service state (depending on local service regulations, policies, and restrictions).
> The standard (refer to 3GPP TS 23.401) has identified four behaviors that are supported:

> • | Valid UEs only

> • | Authenticated UEs only

> • | IMSI required, authentication optional

> • | All UEs

> To request emergency services, the UE has the following two options:

> • | UEs that are in a limited service state (due to attach reject from the network, or since no SIM is present), initiate an ATTACH indicating that the ATTACH is for receiving emergency bearer services. After a successful attach, the services that the network provides the UE is solely in the context of Emergency Bearer Services.

> • | UEs that camp normally on a cell initiates a normal ATTACH if it requires emergency services. Normal attached UEs initiated a UE Requested PDN Connectivity procedure to request Emergency Bearer Services.

> EPS Bearer Context Support
> Provides support for subscriber default and dedicated Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer contexts in accordance with the following standards:

> • | 3GPP TS 36.412 V8.6.0 (2009-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 signaling transport (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 36.413 V8.8.0 (2009-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) (Release 8)

> • | IETF RFC 4960, Stream Control Transmission Protocol, December 2007

> EPS bearer context processing is based on the APN that the subscriber is attempting to access. Templates for all of the possible APNs that subscribers will be accessing must be configured within the system. Up to 1024 APNs can be configured on the system.
> Each APN template consists of parameters pertaining to how UE contexts are processed such as the following:

> • | PDN Type:IPv4, IPv6, or IPv4v6

> • | EPS Bearer Context timers

> • | Quality of Service

> A total of 11 EPS bearer per subscriber are supported. These could be all dedicated, or 1 default and 10 dedicated or any combination of default and dedicated context. Note that there must be at least one default EPS Bearer context in order for dedicated context to come up.
> EPS GTPv2 Support on S11 Interface
> Support for the EPS GTPv2 on S11 interface in accordance with the following standards:

> • | 3GPP TS 29.274 V8.4.0 (2009-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; 3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS); Evolved General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunnelling Protocol for Control plane (GTPv2-C); Stage 3 (Release 8)

> The system supports the use of GTPv2 for EPS signalling context processing.
> When the GTPv2 protocol is used, accounting messages are sent to the charging gateways (CGs) over the Ga interface. The Ga interface and GTPv2 functionality are typically configured within the system's source context. As specified by the standards, a CDR is not generated when a session starts. CDRs are generated according to the interim triggers configured using the charging characteristics configured for the MME, and a CDR is generated when the session ends. For interim accounting, STOP/START pairs are sent based on configured triggers.
> GTP version 2 is always used. However, if version 2 is not supported by the CGF, the system reverts to using GTP version 1. All subsequent CDRs are always fully-qualified partial CDRs. All CDR fields are R4.
> Whether or not the MME accepts charging characteristics from the SGSN can be configured on a per-APN basis based on whether the subscriber is visiting, roaming or, home.
> By default, the MME always accepts the charging characteristics from the SGSN. They must always be provided by the SGSN for GTPv1 requests for primary EPS Bearer contexts. If they are not provided for secondary EPS Bearer contexts, the MME re-uses those from the primary.
> If the system is configured to reject the charging characteristics from the SGSN, the MME can be configured with its own that can be applied based on the subscriber type (visiting, roaming, or home) at the APN level. MME charging characteristics consist of a profile index and behavior settings. The profile indexes specify the criteria for closing accounting records based specific criteria.
> Important: For more information on GTPv2 configuration, refer to the Creating and Configuring the eGTP Service and Interface Association section in the Mobility Management Entity Configuration chapter of the MME Service Administration Guide.
> HSS Support Over S6a Interface
> Provides a mechanism for performing Diameter-based authorization, authentication, and accounting (AAA) for subscriber bearer contexts based on the following standards:

> • | 3GPP TS 23.401 V8.1.0 (2008-03): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 29.272 V8.1.1 (2009-01): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; Evolved Packet System (EPS); Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related interfaces based on Diameter protocol (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 33.401 V8.2.1 (2008-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE): Security Architecture; (Release 8)

> • | RFC 3588, Diameter Base Protocol, December 2003

> The S6a protocol is used to provide AAA functionality for subscriber EPS Bearer contexts through Home Subscriber Server (HSS).
> During the initial attachment procedures the MME sends to the USIM on AT via the HSS the random challenge (RAND) and an authentication token AUTN for network authentication from the selected authentication vector. At receipt of this message, the USIM verifies that the authentication token can be accepted and if so, produces a response. The AT and HSS in turn compute the Cipher Key (CK) and Integrity Key (IK) that are bound to Serving Network ID. During the attachment procedure the MME requests a permanent user identity via the S1-MME NAS signaling interface to eNodeB and inserts the IMSI, Serving Network ID (MCC, MNC) and Serving Network ID it receives in an Authentication Data Request to the HSS. The HSS returns the Authentication Response with authentication vectors to MME. The MME uses the authentication vectors to compute the cipher keys for securing the NAS signaling traffic.
> At EAP success, the MME also retrieves the subscription profile from the HSS which includes QoS information and other attributes such as default APN name and S-GW/P-GW fully qualified domain names.
> Among the AAA parameters that can be configured are:

> • | Authentication of the subscriber with HSS

> • | Subscriber location update/location cancel

> • | Update subscriber profile from the HSS

> • | Priority to dictate the order in which the servers are used allowing for multiple servers to be configured in a single context

> • | Routing Algorithm to dictate the method for selecting among configured servers. The specified algorithm dictates how the system distributes AAA messages across the configured HSS servers for new sessions. Once a session is established and an HSS server has been selected, all subsequent AAA messages for the session will be delivered to the same server.

> Inter-MME Handover Support
> The S10 interface facilitates user mobility between two MMEs providing for the transfer of the UE context from one to the other. It is a GTPv2 control plane interface that supports the following handover types and features:

> • | E-UTRAN-to-UTRAN (MME-to-MME) handover through:

> • | Tracking Area Update based inter-MME relocation

> • | Attach at an eNodeB connected to a different MME

> • | S1 handover based inter-MME relocation

> • | The MME supports handing over multiple bearers and multiple PDNs over to another MME

> • | Trace functionality, monitor protocol, and monitor subscriber

> • | DNS client configuration

> • | IPv4 and IPv6: for peer MME selection, the preference is given to IPv6 addresses. IPv4 addresses are ignored if IPv6 addresses are present.

> Interworking Support
> This section describes various interworking and handover scenarios supported by the MME. The following interworking types are provided:

> • | Interworking with GnGp SGSNs

> • | Handover Support for Release 8 SGSNs

> Interworking with Gn/Gp SGSNs
> This feature enables an integrated EPC core network to anchor calls from multi-mode access terminals and support seamless mobility on call hand-offs between an LTE or GERAN/UTRAN access network. Provides a valuable function to enable LTE operators to generate incremental revenue from inbound roaming agreements with 2G/3G roaming partners.
> In order to support inter-RAT hand-offs for dual-mode access terminals between LTE and 2G/3G networks with 3GPP Pre-Release 8 SGSN's, the MME will support combined hard handover and SRNS relocation procedures via the GTPv1 Gn/Gp reference interface. In preparation for the handover, the MME sends a Forward Relocation Request to the SGSN and includes subscriber identity and context information including IMSI, Mobility Management context and PDP context. The PDP context includes the GGSN address for the user plane and the uplink Tunnel Endpoint ID. These addresses are equivalent to the PDN GW address. The MME maps the EPS bearer parameters to the PDP contexts.
> After sending the forward relocation signaling to the target SGSN, the MME deletes the EPS bearer resources by sending a Delete Bearer Request to the S-GW with a Cause code that instructs the S-GW not to initiate delete procedures toward the P-GW.
> When a mobile subscriber roams from an EUTRAN to GERAN/UTRAN access network it must also send a Routing Area Update (RAU) to register its location with the target network. The target SGSN sends a Context Request to the MME with P-TMSI to get the Mobility Management contexts and PDP contexts for the subscriber session. The SGSN uses the Globally Unique Temporary ID (GUTI) from the MME to identify the P-TMSI/RAI.
> Handover Support for Release 8 SGSNs
> The S3 interface facilitates user mobility between an MME and a Release 8 SGSN providing for the transfer of the UE context between the two. It is a GTPv2 control plane interface that supports the following handover types:

> • | E-UTRAN-to-UTRAN (MME-to-R8 SGSN) handover through:

> • | Routing Area Update (RAU) based MME-R8 SGSN relocation where the RAU could be a result of UE movement.

> • | Attach at an RNC connected to a R8 SGSN

> • | S1 handover/SRNS relocation based MME-R8 SGSN relocation

> • | UTRAN-to-E-UTRAN (R8 SGSN-to-MME) handover through:

> • | Tracking Area Update (TAU) based R8 SGSN-MME relocation where the TAU could be a result of UE movement.

> • | Attach at an eNodeB connected to an MME.

> • | SRNS relocation/S1 handover based R8 SGSN-MME relocation.

> All handover types support handing over multiple bearers and multiple PDNs from the MME to a R8 SGSN and vice versa.
> The S3 interface also supports the following features:

> • | Monitor Protocol and Monitor Subscriber

> • | Subscriber Session Trace

> • | IPv4 and IPv6: for peer SGSN selection, the preference is given to IPv6 addresses. IPv4 addresses are ignored if IPv6 addresses are present.

> • | Operator Policy for SGSN selection

> • | Session Recovery: all MME sessions established using the S3 interface are capable of being recovered in case of a session manager task failure.

> IPv6 Support
> This feature allows IPv6 subscribers to connect via the LTE/SAE infrastructure in accordance with the following standards:

> • | RFC 2460: Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification

> • | RFC 2461: Neighbor Discovery for IPv6

> • | RFC 2462: IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration

> • | RFC 3314: Recommendations for IPv6 in 3GPP Standards

> • | RFC 3316: Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) for Some Second and Third Generation Cellular Hosts

> • | RFC 3056: Connection of IPv6 domains via IPv4 clouds

> • | 3GPP TS 27.060: Mobile Station Supporting Packet Switched Services

> • | 3GPP TS 29.061: Interworking between the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) supporting Packet Based Services and Packet Data Networks (PDN)

> The MME allows an APN to be configured for IPv6 EPS Bearer contexts. Also, an APN may be configured to simultaneously allow IPv4 EPS Bearer contexts.
> The MME supports IPv6 stateless dynamic auto-configuration. The mobile station may select any value for the interface identifier portion of the address. The link-local address is assigned by the MME to avoid any conflict between the mobile station link-local address and the MME address. The mobile station uses the interface identifier assigned by the MME during the stateless address auto-configuration procedure. Once this has completed, the mobile can select any interface identifier for further communication as long as it does not conflict with the MME's interface identifier that the mobile learned through router advertisement messages from the MME.
> Control and configuration of the above is specified as part of the APN configuration on the MME, e.g., IPv6 address prefix and parameters for the IPv6 router advertisements. RADIUS VSAs may be used to override the APN configuration.
> Following IPv6 EPS Bearer context establishment, the MME can perform either manual or automatic 6to4 tunneling, according to RFC 3056, Connection of IPv6 Domains Via IPv4 Clouds.
> MME Interfaces Supporting IPv6 Transport
> The following MME interfaces support IPv6 transport:

> • | S1-MME: runs S1-AP/SCTP over IPv6 and supports IPv6 addresses for S1-U endpoints.

> • | S3

> • | S6a

> • | S10

> • | S11

> • | S13

> • | SGs

> Load Balancing
> Load balancing functionality permits UEs that are entering into an MME pool area to be directed to an appropriate MME in a more efficient manner, spreading the load across a number of MMEs.
> Load balancing is achieved by setting a weight factor for each MME so that the probability of the eNodeB selecting an MME is proportional to its weight factor. The weight factor is typically set according to the capacity of an MME node relative to other MME nodes. The weight factor is sent from the MME to the eNodeB via S1-AP messages.
> MME load balancing can be used in conjunction wit congestion control. For more information on congestion control, refer to the Congestion Control section in this chapter
> Load Re-balancing
> The MME load re-balancing functionality permits UEs that are registered on an MME (within an MME pool area) to be moved to another MME.
> The MME should offload a cross-section of its subscribers with minimal impacts on the network and users (e.g. the MME should avoid offloading only the low activity users while retaining the high activity subscribers. Gradual rather than sudden off-loading should be performed as a sudden re-balance of large number of subscribers could overload other MMEs in the pool. With minimal impact on network and the user's experience, the subscribers should be off-loaded as soon as possible). The load re-balancing can off-load part of or all the subscribers.
> The eNodeBs may have their load balancing parameters adjusted beforehand (e.g., the weight factor is set to zero if all subscribers are to be removed from the MME, which will route new entrant to the pool area into other MMEs).
> Management System Overview
> The system's management capabilities are designed around the Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) model for management - focusing on providing superior quality network element (NE) and element management system (Web Element Manager) functions. The system provides element management applications that can easily be integrated, using standards-based protocols (CORBA and SNMPv1, v2), into higher-level management systems - giving wireless operators the ability to integrate the system into their overall network, service, and business management systems. In addition, all management is performed out-of-band for security and to maintain system performance.
> Operation and Maintenance module of ASR 5000 offers comprehensive management capabilities to the operators and enables them to operate the system more efficiently. There are multiple ways to manage the system either locally or remotely using its out-of-band management interfaces.
> These include:

> • | Using the command line interface (CLI)

> • | Remote login using Telnet, and Secure Shell (SSH) access to CLI through SPIO card's Ethernet management interfaces

> • | Local login through the Console port on SPIO card using an RS-232 serial connection

> • | Using the Web Element Manager application

> • | Supports communications through 10 Base-T, 100 Base-TX, 1000 Base-TX, or 1000

> • | Base-SX (optical gigabit Ethernet) Ethernet management interfaces on the SPIO

> • | Client-Server model supports any browser (i.e. Microsoft Internet Explorer v5.0 and above or Netscape v4.7 or above, and others)

> • | Supports Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) protocol and Simple Network Management Protocol version 1 (SNMPv1) for fault management

> • | Provides complete Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, and Security (FCAPS) capabilities

> • | Can be easily integrated with higher-level network, service, and business layer applications using the Object Management Group's (OMG’s) Interface Definition Language (IDL)

> The following figure demonstrates these various element management options and how they can be utilized within the wireless carrier network.
> Element Management Methods
> Important: MME management functionality is enabled by default for console-based access. For GUI-based management support, refer Web Element Management System. For more information on command line interface based management, refer to the Command Line Interface Reference.
> MME Pooling
> Provides support to configure MME pool area consisting multiple MMEs within which a UE may be served without any need to change the serving MME.
> The benefits of MME pooling are:

> • | Enables Geographical Redundancy, as a pool can be distributed across sites.

> • | Increases overall capacity, as load sharing across the MMEs in a pool is possible (see the Load Balancing feature in this chapter).

> • | Converts inter-MME Tracking Area Updates (TAUs) to intra-MME TAUs for moves between the MMEs of the same pool. This substantially reduces signaling load as well as data transfer delays.

> • | Eases introduction of new nodes and replacement of old nodes as subscribers can be moved is a planned manner to the new node.

> • | Eliminates single point of failure between an eNodeB and MME.

> • | Enables service downtime free maintenance scheduling.

> An MME Pool Area is defined as an area within which a UE may be served without need to change the serving MME. An MME Pool Area is served by one or more MMEs in parallel. MME Pool Areas are a collection of complete Tracking Areas. MME Pool Areas may overlap each other.
> The Cisco MME supports MME Pooling functionality as defined in 3GPP TS 23.401. MME pooling allows carriers to load balance sessions among pooled MMEs.
> The Cisco MME supports configuration of up to a pool size of 32 nodes.
> MME Selection
> The MME selection function selects an available MME for serving a UE. This feature is needed for MME selection for handover with minimal MME changes.
> MME selection chooses an available MME for serving a UE. Selection is based on network topology, i.e. the selected MME serves the UE’s location and in case of overlapping MME service areas, the selection function may prefer MME’s with service areas that reduce the probability of changing the MME.
> Mobile Equipment Identity Check
> The Mobile Equipment Identity Check Procedure permits the operator(s) of the MME and/or the HSS and/or the PDN-GW to check the Mobile Equipment's identity with EIR.
> The mobile equipment (ME) identity is checked through the MME by passing it to an Equipment Identity Register (EIR) over the S13 interface and then the MME analyzes the response from the EIR in order to determine its subsequent actions; like rejecting or attaching a UE.
> Mobility Restriction
> The following types of mobility restriction are supported on the MME:

> • | Handover Restriction

> • | Regional Zone Code Restriction

> Handover Restriction
> Mobility Restriction comprises the functions for restrictions to mobility handling of a UE in E-UTRAN access. In ECM-CONNECTED state, the core network provides the radio network with a Handover Restriction List.
> The MME performs mobility or handover restrictions through the use of handover restriction lists. Handover restriction lists are used by the MME operator policy to specify roaming, service area, and access restrictions. Mobility restrictions at the MME are defined in 3GPP TS 23.401.
> Regional Zone Code Restriction
> Regional Zone Code Restriction allows an operator to control the areas in which a UE can roam in to receive service. The code representing the zone in which a UE is to be offered service by the network can be configured in the HSS or using local provisioning in the MME.
> Once provisioned, the following restriction types are supported on the MME:

> • | HSS subscription based zone code restriction - if the subscription data in the HSS contains zone codes, the UE is allowed to camp only on those zones.

> Support for Regional Zone Code restriction based on HSS subscription data allows operators to offer zone based EPC subscriptions to home subscribers.

> • | Local policy based zone code restrictions - using the operator policy on the MME, certain ranges of IMSI or specific PLMN(s) could be restricted from or allowed to camp on, zones within the MME service area. This policy could apply to any PLMN.

> Local policy based zone code restriction allows operators to control access of EPC by roaming subscribers on a zone basis.
> Multiple PDN Support
> This feature provides multiple PDN connectivity support for UE initiated service requests.
> The MME supports an UE-initiated connectivity establishment to separate P-GWs or a single P-GW in order to allow parallel access to multiple PDNs. Up to 11 PDNs are supported per subscriber.
> NAS Protocol Support
> MME provides this protocol support between the UE and the MME. The NAS protocol includes following elementary procedures for EPS Mobility Management (EMM) and EPS Session Management (ESM):
> EPS Mobility Management (EMM)
> This feature used to support the mobility of user equipment, such as informing the network of its present location and providing user identity confidentiality. It also provides connection management services to the session management (SM) sublayer.
> An EMM context is established in the MME when an attach procedure is successfully completed. The EMM procedures are classified as follows:

> • | EMM Common Procedures: An EMM common procedure can always be initiated when a NAS signalling connection exists.

> Following are the common EMM procedure types:

> • | Globally Unique Temporary Identity (GUTI) reallocation

> • | Authentication and security mode

> • | Identification

> • | EMM information

> • | EMM Specific Procedures: This procedure provides Subscriber Detach or de-registration procedure.

> • | EMM Connection Management Procedures: This procedure provides connection management related function like Paging procedure.

> EPS Session Management (ESM)
> This feature is used to provide the subscriber session management for bearer context activation, deactivation, modification, and update procedures.
> NAS Signalling Security
> It provides integrity protection and encryption of NAS signalling. The NAS security association is between the UE and the MME.
> The MME uses the NAS security mode command procedure to establish a NAS security association between the UE and MME, in order to protect the further NAS signalling messages.
> The MME implements AES algorithm (128-EEA1 and 128-EEA2) for NAS signalling ciphering and SNOW 3G algorithm (128-EIA1 and 128-EIA2) for NAS signalling integrity protection.

> • | 128-EIA1= SNOW 3G

> • | 128-EIA2= AES

> Operator Policy Support
> The operator policy provides mechanisms to fine tune the behavior of subsets of subscribers above and beyond the behaviors described in the user profile. It also can be used to control the behavior of visiting subscribers in roaming scenarios, enforcing roaming agreements and providing a measure of local protection against foreign subscribers.
> An operator policy associates APNs, APN profiles, an APN remap table, and a call-control profile to ranges of IMSIs. These profiles and tables are created and defined within their own configuration modes to generate sets of rules and instructions that can be reused and assigned to multiple policies. In this manner, an operator policy manages the application of rules governing the services, facilities, and privileges available to subscribers. These policies can override standard behaviors and provide mechanisms for an operator to get around the limitations of other infrastructure elements, such as DNS servers and HSSs.
> The operator policy configuration to be applied to a subscriber is selected on the basis of the selection criteria in the subscriber mapping at attach time. A maximum of 1,024 operator policies can be configured. If a UE was associated with a specific operator policy and that policy is deleted, the next time the UE attempts to access the policy, it will attempt to find another policy with which to be associated.
> A default operator policy can be configured and applied to all subscribers that do not match any of the per-PLMN or IMSI range policies.
> Changes to the operator policy take effect when the subscriber re-attaches and subsequent EPS Bearer activations.
> Overload Management in MME
> Provides mechanism to handle overload/congestion situation. It can use the NAS signalling to reject NAS requests from UEs on overload or congestion.
> MME restricts the load that its eNodeBs are generating on it. This is achieved by the MME invoking the S1 interface overload procedure as per 3GPP TS 36.300 and 3GPP TS 36.413 to a proportion of the eNodeBs with which the MME has S1 interface connections.
> Hardware and/or software failures within an MME may reduce the MME’s load handling capability. Typically such failures result in alarms which alert the operator or Operation and Maintenance system.
> For more information on congestion control management, refer to the Configuring Congestion Control chapter in the System Administration Guide.
> Caution: Only if the operator or Operation and Maintenance system is sure that there is spare capacity in the rest of the pool, the operator or Operation and Maintenance system might use the load re-balancing procedure to move some load off an MME. However, extreme care is needed to ensure that this load re-balancing does not overload other MMEs within the pool area (or neighboring SGSNs) as this might lead to a much wider system failure.
> Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) Selection
> Provides a straightforward method based on a default APN provided during user attachment and authentication to assign the P-GW address in the VPLMN or HPLMN. The MME also has the capacity to use a DNS transaction to resolve an APN name provided by a UE to retrieve the PDN GW address.
> P-GW selection allocates a P-GW that provides the PDN connectivity for the 3GPP access. The function uses subscriber information provided by the HSS and possibly additional criteria. For each of the subscribed PDNs, the HSS provides:

> • | an IP address of a P-GW and an APN, or

> • | an APN and an indication for this APN whether the allocation of a P-GW from the visited PLMN is allowed or whether a P-GW from the home PLMN shall be allocated.

> The HSS also indicates the default APN for the UE. To establish connectivity with a PDN when the UE is already connected to one or more PDNs, the UE provides the requested APN for the PDN GW selection function.
> If the HSS provides an APN of a PDN and the subscription allows for allocation of a PDN GW from the visited PLMN for this APN, the PDN GW selection function derives a PDN GW address from the visited PLMN. If a visited PDN GW address cannot be derived, or if the subscription does not allow for allocation of a PDN GW from the visited PLMN, then the APN is used to derive a PDN GW address from the HPLMN.
> Radio Resource Management Functions
> Radio resource management functions are concerned with the allocation and maintenance of radio communication paths, and are performed by the radio access network.
> To support radio resource management in E-UTRAN, the MME provides the RAT/Frequency Selection Priority (RFSP) parameter to an eNodeB across S1. The RFSP is a “per UE” parameter that is used by the E-UTRAN to derive UE specific cell reselection priorities to control idle mode camping. The RFSP can also be used by the E-UTRAN to decide on redirecting active mode UEs to different frequency layers or RATs.
> The MME receives the RFSP from the HSS during the attach procedure. For non-roaming subscribers, the MME transparently forwards the RFSP to the eNodeB across S1. For roaming subscribers, the MME may alternatively send an RFSP value to the eNodeB across S1 that is based on the visited network policy, such as an RFSP pre-configured per Home-PLMN or a single RFSP’s values to be used for all roamers independent of the Home-PLMN.
> RAN Information Management
> The MME supports RAN Information Management (RIM) procedures as defined in 3GPP TS 23.401 on the S1-MME, S3, Gn, and S10 interfaces.
> RIM procedures allow the MME to exchange information between applications belonging to the RAN nodes. The MME provides addressing, routing and relaying support for the RAN information exchange.
> Reachability Management
> It provides a mechanism to track a UE which is in idle state for EPS connection management.
> To reach a UE in idle state the MME initiates paging to all eNodeBs in all tracking areas in the TA list assigned to the UE. The EPS session manager have knowledge about all the eNodeB associations to the MME and generates a list of eNodeBs that needs to be paged to reach a particular UE.
> The location of a UE in ECM-IDLE state is known by the network on a Tracking Area List granularity. A UE in ECM-IDLE state is paged in all cells of the Tracking Areas in which it is currently registered. The UE may be registered in multiple Tracking Areas. A UE performs periodic Tracking Area Updates to ensure its reachability from the network.
> SCTP Multi-homing Support
> This sections describes multi-homing support for specific interfaces on the MME.
> SCTP Multi-homing for S6a
> The Cisco MME service supports up to four SCTP bind end point IPv4 or IPv6 addresses for the S6a interface.
> SCTP Multi-homing for S1-MME
> The Cisco MME service supports up to two SCTP bind end point IPv4 or IPv6 addresses for the S1-MME interface.
> Serving Gateway Pooling Support
> The S-GW supports independent service areas from MME pooling areas. Each cell is associated to a pool of MMEs and a pool of Serving Gateways. Once a cell selects an MME, that MME is able to select an S-GW which is in an S-GW pool supported by the cell.
> Static S-GW pools can be configurable on the MME. Each pool is organized as a set of S-GWs and the Tracking Area Identities (TAIs) supported by them, known as a service area (SA). The incoming TAI is used to select an SA. Then, based on protocol and statistical weight factors, an S-GW is selected from the pool serving that SA. The same list of S-GWs may serve multiple TAIs. Static S-GW pools are used if there is no DNS configured or as a fallback if DNS discovery fails.
> For additional Information on TAI lists, refer to the Tracking Area List Management section in this overview.
> Serving Gateway Selection
> The Serving Gateway (S-GW) selection function selects an available S-GW to serve a UE. This feature reduces the probability of changing the S-GW and a load balancing between S-GWs. The MME uses DNS procedures for S-GW selection.
> The selection is based on network topology; the selected S-GW serves the UE’s location, and in the case of overlapping S-GW service areas, the selection may prefer S-GWs with service areas that reduce the probability of changing the S-GW. If a subscriber of a GTP-only network roams into a PMIP network, the PDN GWs (P-GWs) selected for local breakout supports the PMIP protocol, while P-GWs for home routed traffic use GTP. This means the S-GW selected for such subscribers may need to support both GTP and PMIP, so that it is possible to set up both local breakout and home routed sessions for these subscribers.
> Session and Quality of Service Management
> This support provides a foundation for contributing towards improved Quality of User Experience (QoE) by enabling deterministic end-to-end forwarding and scheduling treatments for different services or classes of applications pursuant to their requirements for committed bandwidth resources, jitter and delay. In this way, each application receives the service treatment that users expect.
> The MME Operator Policy configuration allows the specification of QoS for each traffic class that can either be used as a default or as an over ride to the HSS settings.
> In LTE-EPC 4G architectures, QoS management is network controlled via dynamic policy interactions between the PCRF and PDN GW. EPS bearer management is used to establish, modify or remove dedicated EPC bearers in order to provide service treatments tied to the needs of specific applications/service data flows. The service priority is provisioned based on QoS Class Identifiers (QCI) in the Gx policy signaling. PCRF signaling interaction may also be used to establish or modify the APN-AMBR attribute assigned to the default EPS bearer.
> When it is necessary to set-up a dedicated bearer, the PDN GW initiates the Create Dedicated Bearer Request which includes the IMSI (permanent identity of mobile access terminal), Traffic Flow Template (TFT - 5-tuple packet filters) and S5 Tunnel Endpoint ID (TEID) information that is propagated downstream via the S-GW over the S11 interface to the MME. The Dedicated Bearer signaling includes requested QoS information such as QCI, Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP), Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR - guaranteed minimum sending rate) and Maximum Bit Rate (MBR- maximum burst size).
> The MME allocates a unique EPS bearer identity for every dedicated bearer and encodes this information in a Session Management Request that includes Protocol Transaction ID (PTI), TFT’s and EPS bearer QoS parameters. The MME signals the Bearer Setup Request in the S1-MME message toward the neighboring eNodeB.
> Subscriber Level Session Trace
> The Subscriber Level Trace provides a 3GPP standards-based session-level trace function for call debugging and testing new functions and access terminals in an LTE environment.
> In general, the Session Trace capability records and forwards all control activity for the monitored subscriber on the monitored interfaces. This is typically all the signaling and authentication/subscriber services messages that flow when a UE connects to the access network.
> As a complement to Cisco's protocol monitoring function, the MME supports 3GPP standards based session level trace capabilities to monitor all call control events on the respective monitored interfaces including S6a, S1-MME and S11. The trace can be initiated using multiple methods:

> • | Management initiation via direct CLI configuration

> • | Management initiation at HSS with trace activation via authentication response messages over S6a reference interface

> • | Signaling based activation through signaling from subscriber access terminal

> The session level trace function consists of trace activation followed by triggers. The EPC network element buffers the trace activation instructions for the provisioned subscriber in memory using camp-on monitoring. Trace files for active calls are buffered as XML files using non-volatile memory on the local dual redundant hard drives. The Trace Depth defines the granularity of data to be traced. Six levels are defined including Maximum, Minimum and Medium with ability to configure additional levels based on vendor extensions.
> All call control activity for active and recorded sessions is sent to an off-line Trace Collection Entity (TCE) using a standards-based XML format over a FTP or secure FTP (SFTP) connection.
> Note: In the current release the IPv4 interfaces are used to provide connectivity to the TCE. Trace activation is based on IMSI or IMEI and only Maximum Trace Depth is supported in this release.
> The following figure shows a high-level overview of the session-trace functionality and deployment scenario:
> Session Trace Function and Interfaces
> For more information on this feature, refer to the Configuring Subscriber Session Tracing chapter in the MME Service Administration Guide.
> Threshold Crossing Alerts (TCA) Support
> Thresholding on the system is used to monitor the system for conditions that could potentially cause errors or outage. Typically, these conditions are temporary (i.e high CPU utilization, or packet collisions on a network) and are quickly resolved. However, continuous or large numbers of these error conditions within a specific time interval may be indicative of larger, more severe issues. The purpose of thresholding is to help identify potentially severe conditions so that immediate action can be taken to minimize and/or avoid system downtime.
> The system supports Threshold Crossing Alerts for certain key resources such as CPU, memory, number of sessions etc. With this capability, the operator can configure threshold on these resources whereby, should the resource depletion cross the configured threshold, a SNMP Trap would be sent.
> The following thresholding models are supported by the system:

> • | Alert: A value is monitored and an alert condition occurs when the value reaches or exceeds the configured high threshold within the specified polling interval. The alert is generated then generated and/or sent at the end of the polling interval.

> • | Alarm: Both high and low threshold are defined for a value. An alarm condition occurs when the value reaches or exceeds the configured high threshold within the specified polling interval. The alert is generated then generated and/or sent at the end of the polling interval.

> Thresholding reports conditions using one of the following mechanisms:

> • | SNMP traps: SNMP traps have been created that indicate the condition (high threshold crossing and/or clear) of each of the monitored values.

> Generation of specific traps can be enabled or disabled on the chassis. Ensuring that only important faults get displayed. SNMP traps are supported in both Alert and Alarm modes.

> • | Logs: The system provides a facility called threshold for which active and event logs can be generated. As with other system facilities, logs are generated Log messages pertaining to the condition of a monitored value are generated with a severity level of WARNING.

> Logs are supported in both the Alert and the Alarm models.

> • | Alarm System: High threshold alarms generated within the specified polling interval are considered “outstanding” until a the condition no longer exists or a condition clear alarm is generated. “Outstanding” alarms are reported to the system's alarm subsystem and are viewable through the Alarm Management menu in the Web Element Manager.

> The Alarm System is used only in conjunction with the Alarm model.
> Important: For more information on threshold crossing alert configuration, refer to the Thresholding Configuration Guide.
> Tracking Area List Management
> Provides the functions to allocate and reallocate a Tracking Area Identity (TAI) list to the UE to minimize Tracking Area Updates (TAUs).
> The MME assigns the TAI list to a UE so as to minimize the TAUs that are sent by the UE. The TAI list should be kept to a minimum in order to maintain a lower paging load.
> To avoid a ping-pong effect, the MME includes the last visited TAI (provided that the tracking area is managed by the MME) in the TAI list assigned to the UE.
> Tracking area lists assigned to different UEs moving in from the same tracking area should be different to avoid Tracking Area Update message overflow.
> UMTS to LTE ID Mapping
> The MME allows seamless inter-RAT interworking when the operator.s networks are configured with LACs allocated from the reserved space of 32K to 64K. 3GPP Specifications have reserved this space for LTE MME Group IDs. The MME and SGSN can distinguish between UMTS IDs (P-TMSI/RAI) and LTE IDs (GUTI) by configuring an MME group ID to PLMN ID mapping.
> Features and Functionality - External Application Support
> This section describes the features and functions of external applications supported on the S-GW. These services require additional licenses to implement the functionality.
> This section describes following external applications:

> • | Web Element Management System

> Web Element Management System
> Provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for performing fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security (FCAPS) management.
> The Web Element Manager is a Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)-based application that provides complete fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security (FCAPS) management capability for the system.
> For maximum flexibility and scalability, the Web Element Manager application implements a client-server architecture. This architecture allows remote clients with Java-enabled web browsers to manage one or more systems via the server component which implements the CORBA interfaces. The server component is fully compatible with the fault-tolerant Sun® Solaris® operating system.
> The following figure demonstrates these various element management options and how they can be utilized within the wireless carrier network.
> Element Management Methods
> Important: MME management functionality is enabled by default for console-based access. For GUI-based management support, refer Web Element Management System.
> Features and Functionality - Licensed Enhanced Feature Software
> This section describes the optional enhanced features and functions for MME service.
> Important: The following features require the purchase of an additional feature license to implement the functionality with the MME service.
> This section describes following enhanced features:

> • | Circuit Switched Fall Back (CSFB) and SMS over SGs Interface

> • | IP Security (IPSec)

> • | Lawful Intercept

> • | Optimized Paging Support

> • | Session Recovery Support

> • | Single Radio Voice Call Continuity Support

> • | User Location Information Reporting

> Circuit Switched Fall Back (CSFB) and SMS over SGs Interface
> Requires feature use license: ASR5K-00-CS01CSFB (Circuit Switched Fallback)
> Circuit Switched Fall Back (CSFB) enables the UE to camp on an EUTRAN cell and originate or terminate voice calls through a forced switchover to the circuit switched (CS) domain or other CS-domain services (e.g., Location Services (LCS) or supplementary services). Additionally, SMS delivery via the CS core network is realized without CSFB. Since LTE EPC networks were not meant to directly anchor CS connections, when any CS voice services are initiated, any PS based data activities on the EUTRAN network will be temporarily suspended (either the data transfer is suspended or the packet switched connection is handed over to the 2G/3G network).
> Important: CSFB to CDMA 1x networks is not supported in this release.
> CSFB provides an interim solution for enabling telephony and SMS services for LTE operators that do not plan to deploy IMS packet switched services at initial service launch.
> CSFB function is realized by reusing Gs interface mechanisms, as defined in 3GPP TS 29.018, on the interface between the MME in the EPS and the VLR. This interface is called the SGs interface. The SGs interface connects the databases in the VLR and the MME.
> EPC core networks are designed for all IP services and as such lack intrinsic support for circuit switched voice and telephony applications. This presents challenges for those operators that do not plan to launch packet switched IMS core networks at initial service deployment. CSFB represents an interim solution to address this problem by enabling dual radio mobile devices (LTE/GSM/UMTS or CDMA1xRTT) to fall back to GSM/UMTS or CDMA1x access networks to receive incoming or place outgoing voice calls. Highlights of the CSFB procedure are as follows:

> • | Preparation Phase:

> • | When the GSM/UMTS/LTE access terminal attaches to the EUTRAN access network, it uses combined attachment procedures to request assistance from the MME to register its presence in the 2G/3G network.

> • | The MME uses SGs signaling to the MSC/VLR to register on behalf of the AT to the 2G/3G network. The MME represents itself as an SGSN to the MSC and the MSC performs a location update to the SGSN in the target 2G/3G network.

> • | The MME uses the Tracking Area Identity provided by UE to compute the Location Area Identity it provides to the MSC.

> • | Execution Phase: Mobile Terminated Call:

> • | When a call comes in at the MSC for the user, the MSC signals the incoming call via the SGs interface to MME.

> • | If the AT is an active state, the MME forwards the request directly to the mobile. If the user wishes to receive the call the UE instructs the MME to hand over the call to the 2G/3G network. The MME then informs the eNodeB to initiate the handoff.

> • | If the AT is in dormant state, the MME attempts to page it at every eNodeB within the Tracking Area list to reestablish the radio connection. As no data transfer is in progress, there are no IP data sessions to handover and the mobile switches to its 2G/3G radio to establish the connection with the target access network.

> • | If the mobile is active and an IP data transfer is in progress at the time of the handover, the data transfer can either be suspended or the packet switched connection can be handed over if the target network supports Dual Transfer Mode. Note that this is typically only supported on UMTS networks.

> • | Once the access terminal attaches to the 2G/3G cell, it answers the initial paging via the target cell.

> • | Execution Phase: Mobile Originated Calls

> • | This is very similar to the procedure for Mobile Terminated Calls, except there is no requirement for idle mode paging for incoming calls and the AT has no need to send a paging response to the MSC after it attaches to the target 2G/3G network.

> The following CSFB features are supported:

> • | Release 8 and Release 9 Specification Support

> • | SGs-AP Encode/Decode of all messages

> • | SGs-AP Procedure Support

> • | Paging

> • | Location Update

> • | Non-EPS Alert

> • | Explicit IMSI Detach

> • | Implicit IMSI Detach

> • | VLR Failure

> • | HSS Failure

> • | MM Information

> • | NAS Message Tunneling

> • | Service Request

> • | MME Failure

> • | SMS

> • | Mobile Originating Voice Call

> • | Mobile Terminating Voice Call

> • | Gn/Gp Handover

> • | S3 Handover

> • | Basic and Enhanced TAI to LAI Mapping

> • | Basic LAI to VLR Mapping

> • | VLR association distribution amongst multiple MMEMGRs

> • | IMSI Paging Procedure

> • | SCTP Multi-homing

> • | IPv6 Transport for SGs

> • | SNMP Trap Support (Service/VLR association)

> • | Operator Policy Support

> • | SMS-only

> • | Disallow CSFB

> • | PS Suspend/Resume over S11 (Release 8)

> • | PS Suspend/Resume over S3/S11 (Release 9)

> IP Security (IPSec)
> Requires feature use license: ASR5K-00-EPNDS-K9 (Network Domain Security)
> IP Security provides a mechanism for establishing secure tunnels from mobile subscribers to pre-defined endpoints (i.e. enterprise or home networks) in accordance with the following standards:

> • | RFC 2401, Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol

> • | RFC 2402, IP Authentication Header (AH)

> • | RFC 2406, IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)

> • | RFC 2409, The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)

> • | RFC-3193, Securing L2TP using IPSEC, November 2001

> IP Security (IPSec) is a suite of protocols that interact with one another to provide secure private communications across IP networks. These protocols allow the system to establish and maintain secure tunnels with peer security gateways. IPSec can be implemented on the system for the following applications:

> • | PDN Access: Subscriber IP traffic is routed over an IPSec tunnel from the system to a secure gateway on the packet data network (PDN) as determined by access control list (ACL) criteria.

> • | Mobile IP: Mobile IP control signals and subscriber data is encapsulated in IPSec tunnels that are established between foreign agents (FAs) and home agents (HAs) over the Pi interfaces.

> Important: Once an IPSec tunnel is established between an FA and HA for a particular subscriber, all new Mobile IP sessions using the same FA and HA are passed over the tunnel regardless of whether or not IPSec is supported for the new subscriber sessions. Data for existing Mobile IP sessions is unaffected.

> • | L2TP: L2TP-encapsulated packets are routed from the system to an LNS/secure gateway over an IPSec tunnel.

> The following figure shows IPSec configurations.
> IPSec Applications
> Important: For more information on IPSec support, refer to the IP Security appendix in the MME Administration Guide.
> Lawful Intercept
> The feature use license for Lawful Intercept on the MME is included in the MME session use license.
> The Cisco Lawful Intercept feature is supported on the MME. Lawful Intercept is a licensed enabled, standards-based feature that provides telecommunications service providers with a mechanism to assist law enforcement agencies in monitoring suspicious individuals for potential illegal activity. For additional information and documentation on the Lawful Intercept feature, contact your local Cisco sales representative.
> Optimized Paging Support
> Requires feature use license: ASR5K-00-CSXXOPTP (Optimized Paging)
> Also known as heuristic or idle-mode paging, this feature reduces network operations cost through more efficient utilization of paging resources and reduced paging load in the EUTRAN access network.
> Idle mode paging over EUTRAN access networks is an expensive operation that causes volumes of signaling traffic between the S-GW and MME/SGSN. This problem is acute in the radio access network, where paging is a shared resource with finite capacity. When a request for an idle mode access terminal is received by the S-GW, the MME floods the paging notification message to all eNodeBs in the Tracking Area List (TAI). To appreciate the magnitude of the problem, consider a network with three million subscribers and a total of 800 eNodeBs in the TAI. If each subscriber was to receive one page during the busy hour, the total number of paging messages would exceed one million messages per second.
> To limit the volume of unnecessary paging related signaling, the Cisco MME provides intelligent paging heuristics. Each MME maintains a list of “n” last heard from eNodeBs inside the TAI for the UE. The intent is to keep track of the eNodeBs that the AT commonly attaches to such as the cells located near a person's residence and place of work. During the average day, the typical worker spends the most time attaching to one of these two locations. When an incoming page arrives for the idle mode user, the MME attempts to page the user at the last heard from eNodeB. The MME uses Tracking Area Updates to build this local table. If no response is received within a configurable period, the MME attempts to page the user at the last “n” heard from eNodeBs. If the MME has still not received acknowledgement from the idle mode UE, only then does it flood the paging messages to all eNodeBs in the TAI.
> In the majority of instances with this procedure, the UE will be paged in a small set of eNodeBs where it is most likely to be attached.
> Session Recovery Support
> The feature use license for Session Recovery on the MME is included in the MME session use license.
> The Session Recovery feature provides seamless failover and reconstruction of subscriber session information in the event of a hardware or software fault within the system preventing a fully connected user session from being disconnected.
> This feature is also useful for Software Patch Upgrade activities. If session recovery feature is enabled during the software patch upgrading, it helps to permit preservation of existing sessions on the active PSC during the upgrade process.
> Session recovery is performed by mirroring key software processes (e.g. session manager and AAA manager) within the system. These mirrored processes remain in an idle state (in standby-mode), wherein they perform no processing, until they may be needed in the case of a software failure (e.g. a session manager task aborts). The system spawns new instances of “standby mode” session and AAA managers for each active control processor (CP) being used.
> Additionally, other key system-level software tasks, such as VPN manager, are performed on a physically separate packet processing card to ensure that a double software fault (e.g. session manager and VPN manager fails at same time on same card) cannot occur. The packet processing card used to host the VPN manager process is in active mode and is reserved by the operating system for this sole use when session recovery is enabled.
> The additional hardware resources required for session recovery include a standby system processor card (SPC) and a standby packet processing card.
> There are two modes for Session Recovery.

> • | Task recovery mode: Wherein one or more session manager failures occur and are recovered without the need to use resources on a standby packet processing card. In this mode, recovery is performed by using the mirrored “standby-mode” session manager task(s) running on active packet processing cards. The “standby-mode” task is renamed, made active, and is then populated using information from other tasks such as AAA manager.

> • | Full packet processing card recovery mode: Used when a PSC or PSC2 hardware failure occurs, or when a packet processing card migration failure happens. In this mode, the standby packet processing card is made active and the “standby-mode” session manager and AAA manager tasks on the newly activated packet processing card perform session recovery.

> Session/Call state information is saved in the peer AAA manager task because each AAA manager and session manager task is paired together. These pairs are started on physically different packet processing cards to ensure task recovery.
> Important: For more information on session recovery support, refer to the Session Recovery appendix in the System Administration Guide.
> Single Radio Voice Call Continuity Support
> Requires feature use license: ASR5K-00-ME01SRVC (SRVCC Support)
> Voice over IP (VoIP) subscribers anchored in the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network can move out of an LTE coverage area and continue the call over the circuit-switched (CS) network through the use of the Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) feature. The smooth handover of the VoIP call does not require dual-mode radio.
> The IMS network anchoring the call, stores voice service link information and guides the CS network to establish a link, thereby replacing the original VoIP channel.
> To support SRVCC functionality on the MME, an Sv reference point is included providing an interface to the enhanced Mobile Switching Center (eMSC) server responsible for communicating with the MME during the handover process. An eMSC is a server that supports SRVCC.
> User Location Information Reporting
> Requires feature use license: ASR5K-00-CSXXULIR (ULI Reporting)
> User Location Information (ULI) Reporting allows the eNodeB to report the location of a UE to the MME, when requested by a P-GW.
> The following procedures are used over the S1-MME interface to initiate and stop location reporting between the MME and eNodeB:

> • | Location Reporting Control: The purpose of Location Reporting Control procedure is to allow the MME to request that the eNodeB report where the UE is currently located. This procedure uses UE-associated signaling.

> • | Location Report Failure Indication: The Location Report Failure Indication procedure is initiated by an eNodeB in order to inform the MME that a Location Reporting Control procedure has failed. This procedure uses UE-associated signalling.

> • | Location Report: The purpose of Location Report procedure is to provide the UE's current location to the MME. This procedure uses UE-associated signalling.

> The start/stop trigger for location reporting for a UE is reported to the MME by the S-GW over the S11 interface. The Change Reporting Action (CRA) Information Element (IE) is used for this purpose. The MME updates the location to the S-GW using the User Location Information (ULI) IE.
> The following S11 messages are used to transfer CRA and ULI information between the MME and S-GW:

> • | Create Session Request: The ULI IE is included for E-UTRAN Initial Attach and UE-requested PDN Connectivity procedures. It includes ECGI and TAI. The MME includes the ULI IE for TAU/ X2-Handover procedure if the P-GW has requested location information change reporting and the MME support location information change reporting. The S-GW includes the ULI IE on S5/S8 exchanges if it receives the ULI from the MME. If the MME supports change reporting, it sets the corresponding indication flag in the Create Session Request message.

> • | Create Session Response: The CRA IE in the Create Session Response message can be populated by the S-GW to indicate the type of reporting required.

> • | Create Bearer Request: The CRA IE is included with the appropriate Action field if the Location Change Reporting mechanism is to be started or stopped for the subscriber in the MME.

> • | Modify Bearer Request: The MME includes the ULI IE for TAU/Handover procedures and UE-initiated Service Request procedures if the P-GW has requested location information change reporting and the MME supports location information change reporting. The S-GW includes this IE on S5/S8 exchanges if it receives the ULI from the MME.

> • | Modify Bearer Response: The CRA IE is included with the appropriate Action field if the Location Change Reporting mechanism is to be started or stopped for the subscriber in the MME.

> • | Delete Session Request: The MME includes the ULI IE for the Detach procedure if the P-GW has requested location information change reporting and MME supports location information change reporting. The S-GW includes this IE on S5/S8 exchanges if it receives the ULI from the MME.

> • | Update Bearer Request: The CRA IE is included with the appropriate Action field if the Location Change Reporting mechanism is to be started or stopped for the subscriber in the MME.

> • | Change Notification Request: If no existing procedure is running for a UE, a Change Notification Request is sent upon receipt of an S1-AP location report message. If an existing procedure is running, one of the following messages reports the ULI:

> • | Create Session Request

> • | Create Bearer Response

> • | Modify Bearer Request

> • | Update Bearer Response

> • | Delete Bearer Response

> • | Delete Session Request

> If an existing Change Notification Request is pending, it is aborted and a new one is sent.
> Important: Information on configuring User Location Information Reporting support is located in the Configuring Optional Features on the MME section of the Mobility Management Entity Configuration chapter in this guide.
> How the MME Works
> This section provides information on the function and procedures of the MME in an EPC network and presents message flows for different stages of session setup.
> The following procedures are supported in this release:

> • | EPS Bearer Context Processing

> • | Purge Procedure

> • | Paging Procedure

> • | Subscriber Session Processing

> • | Subscriber-initiated Initial Attach Procedure

> • | Subscriber-initiated Detach Procedure

> • | Service Request Procedures

> • | UE-initiated Service Request Procedure

> • | Network-initiated Service Request Procedure

> EPS Bearer Context Processing
> EPS Bearer context processing is based on the APN that the subscriber is attempting to access. Templates for all of the possible APNs that subscribers will be accessing must be configured within the P-GW system.
> Each APN template consists of parameters pertaining to how EPS Bearer contexts are processed such as the following:

> • | PDN Type: The system supports IPv4, IPv6, or IPv4v6.

> • | Timeout: Absolute and idle session timeout values specify the amount of time that an MS can remain connected.

> • | Quality of Service: Parameters pertaining to QoS feature support such as for Traffic Policing and traffic class.

> A total of 11 EPS bearer contexts are supported per subscriber. These could be all dedicated, or 1 default and 10 dedicated or any combination of default and dedicated context. Note that there must be at least one default EPS bearer context in order for dedicated context to come up.
> Purge Procedure
> The purge procedure is employed by the Cisco MME to inform the concerned node that the MME has removed the EPS bearer contexts of a detached UE. This is usually invoked when the number of records exceeds the maximum capacity of the system.
> Paging Procedure
> Paging is initiated when there is data to be sent to an idle UE to trigger a service request from the UE. Once the UE reaches connected state, the data is forwarded to it.
> Paging retransmission can be controlled by configuring a paging-timer and retransmission attempts on system.
> Subscriber Session Processing
> This section provides information on how LTE/SAE subscriber data sessions are processed by the system MME. The following procedures are provided:

> • | User-initiated Transparent IP: An IP EPS Bearer context request is received by the MME from the UE for a PDN. The subscriber is provided basic access to a PDN without the MME authenticating the subscriber. Either a static or dynamic IP address can be assigned to the MS in this scenario.

> • | User-initiated Non-transparent IP: An IP EPS Bearer context request is received by the MME from the UE for a PDN. The MME provides subscriber authentication services for the data session. Either a static or dynamic IP address can be assigned to the MS in this scenario.

> • | Network-initiated: An IP EPS Bearer context request is received by the MME from the PDN for a specific subscriber. If configured to support network-initiated sessions, the MME, will initiate the process of paging the MS and establishing a EPS Bearer context.

> Subscriber-initiated Initial Attach Procedure
> The following figure and the text that follows describe the message flow for a successful user-initiated subscriber attach procedure.
> Subscriber-initiated Attach (initial) Call Flow
> Subscriber-initiated Attach (initial) Call Flow Description

> Step | Description
> 1 | The UE initiates the Attach procedure by the transmission of an Attach Request (IMSI or old GUTI, last visited TAI (if available), UE Network Capability, PDN Address Allocation, Protocol Configuration Options, Attach Type) message together with an indication of the Selected Network to the eNodeB. IMSI is included if the UE does not have a valid GUTI available. If the UE has a valid GUTI, it is included.
> 2 | The eNodeB derives the MME from the GUTI and from the indicated Selected Network. If that MME is not associated with the eNodeB, the eNodeB selects an MME using an “MME selection function”. The eNodeB forwards the Attach Request message to the new MME contained in a S1-MME control message (Initial UE message) together with the Selected Network and an indication of the E-UTRAN Area identity, a globally unique E-UTRAN ID of the cell from where it received the message to the new MME.
> 3 | If the UE is unknown in the MME, the MME sends an Identity Request to the UE to request the IMSI.
> 4 | The UE responds with Identity Response (IMSI).
> 5 | If no UE context for the UE exists anywhere in the network, authentication is mandatory. Otherwise this step is optional. However, at least integrity checking is started and the ME Identity is retrieved from the UE at Initial Attach. The authentication functions, if performed this step, involves AKA authentication and establishment of a NAS level security association with the UE in order to protect further NAS protocol messages.
> 6 | The MME sends an Update Location Request (MME Identity, IMSI, ME Identity) to the HSS.
> 7 | The HSS acknowledges the Update Location message by sending an Update Location Ack to the MME. This message also contains the Insert Subscriber Data (IMSI, Subscription Data) Request. The Subscription Data contains the list of all APNs that the UE is permitted to access, an indication about which of those APNs is the Default APN, and the 'EPS subscribed QoS profile' for each permitted APN. If the Update Location is rejected by the HSS, the MME rejects the Attach Request from the UE with an appropriate cause.
> 8 | The MME selects an S-GW using “Serving GW selection function” and allocates an EPS Bearer Identity for the Default Bearer associated with the UE. If the PDN subscription context contains no P-GW address the MME selects a P-GW as described in clause “PDN GW selection function”. Then it sends a Create Default Bearer Request (IMSI, MME Context ID, APN, RAT type, Default Bearer QoS, PDN Address Allocation, AMBR, EPS Bearer Identity, Protocol Configuration Options, ME Identity, User Location Information) message to the selected S-GW.
> 9 | The S-GW creates a new entry in its EPS Bearer table and sends a Create Default Bearer Request (IMSI, APN, S-GW Address for the user plane, S-GW TEID of the user plane, S-GW TEID of the control plane, RAT type, Default Bearer QoS, PDN Address Allocation, AMBR, EPS Bearer Identity, Protocol Configuration Options, ME Identity, User Location Information) message to the P-GW.
> 10 | If dynamic PCC is deployed, the P-GW interacts with the PCRF to get the default PCC rules for the UE. The IMSI, UE IP address, User Location Information, RAT type, AMBR are provided to the PCRF by the P-GW if received by the previous message.
> 11 | The P-GW returns a Create Default Bearer Response (P-GW Address for the user plane, P-GW TEID of the user plane, P-GW TEID of the control plane, PDN Address Information, EPS Bearer Identity, Protocol Configuration Options) message to the S-GW. PDN Address Information is included if the P-GW allocated a PDN address Based on PDN Address Allocation received in the Create Default Bearer Request. PDN Address Information contains an IPv4 address for IPv4 and/or an IPv6 prefix and an Interface Identifier for IPv6. The P-GW takes into account the UE IP version capability indicated in the PDN Address Allocation and the policies of operator when the P-GW allocates the PDN Address Information. Whether the IP address is negotiated by the UE after completion of the Attach procedure, this is indicated in the Create Default Bearer Response.
> 12 | The Downlink (DL) Data can start flowing towards S-GW. The S-GW buffers the data.
> 13 | The S-GW returns a Create Default Bearer Response (PDN Address Information, S-GW address for User Plane, S-GW TEID for User Plane, S-GW Context ID, EPS Bearer Identity, Protocol Configuration Options) message to the new MME. PDN Address Information is included if it was provided by the P-GW.
> 14 | The new MME sends an Attach Accept (APN, GUTI, PDN Address Information, TAI List, EPS Bearer Identity, Session Management Configuration IE, Protocol Configuration Options) message to the eNodeB.
> 15 | The eNodeB sends Radio Bearer Establishment Request including the EPS Radio Bearer Identity to the UE. The Attach Accept message is also sent along to the UE.
> 16 | The UE sends the Radio Bearer Establishment Response to the eNodeB. In this message, the Attach Complete message (EPS Bearer Identity) is included.
> 17 | The eNodeB forwards the Attach Complete (EPS Bearer Identity) message to the MME.
> 18 | The Attach is complete and UE sends data over the default bearer. At this time the UE can send uplink packets towards the eNodeB which are then tunnelled to the S-GW and P-GW.
> 19 | The MME sends an Update Bearer Request (eNodeB address, eNodeB TEID) message to the S-GW.
> 20 | The S-GW acknowledges by sending Update Bearer Response (EPS Bearer Identity) message to the MME.
> 21 | The S-GW sends its buffered downlink packets.
> 22 | After the MME receives Update Bearer Response (EPS Bearer Identity) message, if an EPS bearer was established and the subscription data indicates that the user is allowed to perform handover to non-3GPP accesses, and if the MME selected a P-GW that is different from the P-GW address which was indicated by the HSS in the PDN subscription context, the MME sends an Update Location Request including the APN and P-GW address to the HSS for mobility with non-3GPP accesses.
> 23 | The HSS stores the APN and P-GW address pair and sends an Update Location Response to the MME.
> 24 | Bidirectional data is passed between the UE and PDN.

> ‌
> Subscriber-initiated Detach Procedure
> The following figure and the text that follows describe the message flow for a user-initiated subscriber de-registration procedure.
> Subscriber-initiated Detach Call Flow
> Subscriber-initiated Detach Call Flow Description

> Step | Description
> 1 | The UE sends NAS message Detach Request (GUTI, Switch Off) to the MME. Switch Off indicates whether detach is due to a switch off situation or not.
> 2 | The active EPS Bearers in the S-GW regarding this particular UE are deactivated by the MME sending a Delete Bearer Request (TEID) message to the S-GW.
> 3 | The S-GW sends a Delete Bearer Request (TEID) message to the P-GW.
> 4 | The P-GW acknowledges with a Delete Bearer Response (TEID) message.
> 5 | The P-GW may interact with the PCRF to indicate to the PCRF that EPS Bearer is released if PCRF is applied in the network.
> 6 | The S-GW acknowledges with a Delete Bearer Response (TEID) message.
> 7 | If Switch Off indicates that the detach is not due to a switch off situation, the MME sends a Detach Accept message to the UE.
> 8 | The MME releases the S1-MME signalling connection for the UE by sending an S1 Release command to the eNodeB with Cause = Detach.

> ‌
> Service Request Procedures
> Service Request procedures are used to establish a secure connection to the MME as well as request resource reservation for active contexts. The MME allows configuration of the following service request procedures:

> • | UE-initiated Service Request Procedure

> • | Network-initiated Service Request Procedure

> UE-initiated Service Request Procedure
> The call flow in this section describes the process for re-connecting an idle UE.
> The following figure and the text that follows describe the message flow for a successful UE-initiated service request procedure.
> UE-initiated Service Request Message Flow
> UE-initiated Service Request Message Flow Description

> Step | Description
> 1 | (NAS) The UE sends a Network Access Signaling (NAS) message Service Request (S-TMSI) towards the MME encapsulated in an RRC message to the eNodeB.
> 2 | The eNodeB forwards NAS message to the MME. The NAS message is encapsulated in an S1-AP: Initial UE message (NAS message, TAI+ECGI of the serving cell).
> 3 | NAS authentication procedures may be performed.
> 4 | The MME sends an S1-AP Initial Context Setup Request (S-GW address, S1-TEID(s) (UL), EPS Bearer QoS(s), Security Context, MME Signalling Connection Id, Handover Restriction List) message to the eNodeB. This step activates the radio and S1 bearers for all the active EPS Bearers. The eNodeB stores the Security Context, MME Signalling Connection Id, EPS Bearer QoS(s) and S1-TEID(s) in the UE RAN context.
> 5 | The eNodeB performs the radio bearer establishment procedure.
> 6 | The uplink data from the UE can now be forwarded by eNodeB to the S-GW. The eNodeB sends the uplink data to the S-GW address and TEID provided in step 4.
> 7 | The eNodeB sends an S1-AP message Initial Context Setup Complete message (eNodeB address, List of accepted EPS bearers, List of rejected EPS bearers, S1 TEID(s) (DL)) to the MME.
> 8 | The MME sends a Modify Bearer Request message (eNodeB address, S1 TEID(s) (DL) for the accepted EPS bearers, RAT Type) to the S-GW. The S-GW is now able to transmit downlink data towards the UE.
> 9 | The S-GW sends a Modify Bearer Response message to the MME.

> ‌
> Network-initiated Service Request Procedure
> The call flow in this section describes the process for re-connecting an idle UE when a downlink data packet is received from the PDN.
> The following figure and the text that follows describe the message flow for a successful network-initiated service request procedure:
> Network-initiated Service Request Message Flow
> Network-initiated Service Request Message Flow Description

> Step | Description
> 1 | A downlink data packet is received on the S-GW from PDN for the targeted UE. The S-GW checks to see if the UE is user-plane connected (the S-GW context data indicates that there is no downlink user plane (TEID)). The downlink data is buffered and the S-GW identifies which MME is serving the intended UE.
> 2 | The S-GW sends a Downlink Data Notification message to the MME for the targeted UE.
> 3 | The MME responds with a Downlink Data Notification Acknowledgement message to the S-GW.
> 4 | The MME send a Paging Request to the eNodeB for the targeted UE. The Paging Request contains the NAS ID for paging, TAI(s), the UE identity based DRX index, and the Paging DRX length. The Paging Request is sent to each eNodeB belonging to the tracking area(s) where the UE is registered.
> 5 | The eNodeB broadcasts the Paging Request in its coverage area for the UE. Important: Steps 4 and 5 are skipped if the MME has a signalling connection over the S1-MME towards the UE.
> 6 | Upon receipt of the Paging indication in the E-UTRAN access network, the UE initiates the UE-triggered Service Request procedure and the eNodeB starts messaging through the UE Paging Response. The MME supervises the paging procedure with a timer. If the MME receives no Paging Response from the UE, it retransmits the Paging Request. If the MME receives no response from the UE after the retransmission, it uses the Downlink Data Notification Reject message to notify the S-GW about the paging failure.
> 7 | The S-GW sends a Stop Paging message to MME.
> 8 | The buffered downlink data is sent to the identified UE.

> ‌
> Supported Standards
> The MME complies with the following standards for 3GPP LTE/EPS wireless networks.

> • | 3GPP References

> • | IETF References

> • | Object Management Group (OMG) Standards

> 3GPP References
> Release 9 Supported Standards

> • | 3GPP TS 24.301 V9.5.0 (2010-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS); Stage 3 (Release 9)

> • | 3GPP TS 29.274 V9.5.0 (2010-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; 3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS); Evolved General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunnelling Protocol for Control plane (GTPv2-C); Stage 3 (Release 9)

> • | 3GPP TS 29.272 V9.5.0 (2010-12): rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; 3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS); Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related interfaces based on Diameter protocol (Release 9)

> • | 3GPP TS 36.413 V9.5.0 (2010-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) (Release 9)

> Release 8 Supported Standards

> • | 3GPP TS 23.122 V8.4.0 (2008-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 23.401 V8.1.0 (2008-03): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 24.301 V8.4.0 (2009-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS); Stage 3 (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TR 24.801 V8.0.1 (2008-10): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; 3GPP System Architecture Evolution; CT WG1 Aspects (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 29.274 V8.4.0 (2009-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; 3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS); Evolved General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunnelling Protocol for Control plane (GTPv2-C); Stage 3 (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 33.401 V8.2.1 (2008-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE): Security Architecture; (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 36.401 V8.4.0 (2008-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Architecture description (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 36.410 V8.1.0 (2008-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 General aspects and principles (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 36.411 V8.1.0 (2008-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 layer 1 (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 36.412 V8.6.0 (2009-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 signaling transport (Release 8)

> • | 3GPP TS 36.413 V8.8.0 (2009-12): 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) (Release 8)

> IETF References

> • | RFC-768, User Datagram Protocol (UPD), August 1980

> • | RFC-791, Internet Protocol (IP), September 1982

> • | RFC-793, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), September 1981

> • | RFC-894, A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over Ethernet Networks, April 1984

> • | RFC-1089, SNMP over Ethernet, February 1989

> • | RFC-1144, Compressing TCP/IP headers for low-speed serial links, February 1990

> • | RFC-1155, Structure & identification of management information for TCP/IP-based internets, May 1990

> • | RFC-1157, Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Version 1, May 1990

> • | RFC-1212, Concise MIB Definitions, March 1991

> • | RFC-1213, Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based Internets: MIB-II, March 1991

> • | RFC-1215, A Convention for Defining Traps for use with the SNMP, March 1991

> • | RFC-1224, Techniques for managing asynchronously generated alerts, May 1991

> • | RFC-1256, ICMP Router Discovery Messages, September 1991

> • | RFC-1305, Network Time Protocol (Version 3) Specification, Implementation and Analysis, March 1992

> • | RFC-1332, The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP), May 1992

> • | RFC-1398, Definitions of Managed Objects for the Ethernet-Like Interface Types, January 1993

> • | RFC-1418, SNMP over OSI, March 1993

> • | RFC-1570, PPP LCP Extensions, January 1994

> • | RFC-1643, Definitions of Managed Objects for the Ethernet-like Interface Types, July 1994

> • | RFC-1701, Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), October 1994

> • | RFC-1850, OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base, November 1995

> • | RFC-1901, Introduction to Community-based SNMPv2, January 1996

> • | RFC-1902, Structure of Management Information for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2), January 1996

> • | RFC-1903, Textual Conventions for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2), January 1996

> • | RFC-1904, Conformance Statements for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2), January 1996

> • | RFC-1905, Protocol Operations for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2), January 1996

> • | RFC-1906, Transport Mappings for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2), January 1996

> • | RFC-1907, Management Information Base for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2), January 1996

> • | RFC-1908, Coexistence between Version 1 and Version 2 of the Internet-standard Network Management Framework, January 1996

> • | RFC-1918, Address Allocation for Private Internets, February 1996

> • | RFC-1919, Classical versus Transparent IP Proxies, March 1996

> • | RFC-2002, IP Mobility Support, May 1995

> • | RFC-2003, IP Encapsulation within IP, October 1996

> • | RFC-2004, Minimal Encapsulation within IP, October 1996

> • | RFC-2005, Applicability Statement for IP Mobility Support, October 1996

> • | RFC-2118, Microsoft Point-to-Point Compression (MPPC) Protocol, March 1997

> • | RFC 2131, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

> • | RFC-2136, Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)

> • | RFC-2211, Specification of the Controlled-Load Network Element Service

> • | RFC-2246, The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.0, January 1999

> • | RFC-2328, OSPF Version 2, April 1998

> • | RFC-2344, Reverse Tunneling for Mobile IP, May 1998

> • | RFC-2394, IP Payload Compression Using DEFLATE, December 1998

> • | RFC 2401, Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol

> • | RFC 2402, IP Authentication Header (AH)

> • | RFC 2406, IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)

> • | RFC 2409, The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)

> • | RFC-2460, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

> • | RFC-2461, Neighbor Discovery for IPv6

> • | RFC-2462, IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration

> • | RFC-2486, The Network Access Identifier (NAI), January 1999

> • | RFC-2571, An Architecture for Describing SNMP Management Frameworks, April 1999

> • | RFC-2572, Message Processing and Dispatching for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), April 1999

> • | RFC-2573, SNMP Applications, April 1999

> • | RFC-2574, User-based Security Model (USM) for version 3 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv3), April 1999

> • | RFC-2597, Assured Forwarding PHB Group, June 1999

> • | RFC-2598, Expedited Forwarding PHB, June 1999

> • | RFC-2618, RADIUS Authentication Client MIB, June 1999

> • | RFC-2620, RADIUS Accounting Client MIB, June 1999

> • | RFC-2661, Layer Two Tunneling Protocol “L2TP”, August 1999

> • | RFC-2697, A Single Rate Three Color Marker, September 1999

> • | RFC-2698, A Two Rate Three Color Marker, September 1999

> • | RFC-2784, Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) - March 2000, IETF

> • | RFC-2794, Mobile IP Network Access Identifier Extension for IPv4, March 2000

> • | RFC-2809, Implementation of L2TP Compulsory Tunneling via RADIUS, April 2000

> • | RFC-2845, Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG), May 2000

> • | RFC-2865, Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS), June 2000

> • | RFC-2866, RADIUS Accounting, June 2000

> • | RFC-2867, RADIUS Accounting Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Support, June 2000

> • | RFC-2868, RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support, June 2000

> • | RFC-2869, RADIUS Extensions, June 2000

> • | RFC-3007, Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Update, November 2000

> • | RFC-3012, Mobile IPv4 Challenge/Response Extensions, November 2000

> • | RFC-3056, Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds, February 2001

> • | RFC-3101 OSPF-NSSA Option, January 2003

> • | RFC-3143, Known HTTP Proxy/Caching Problems, June 2001

> • | RFC-3193, Securing L2TP using IPSEC, November 2001

> • | RFC-3314, Recommendations for IPv6 in Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Standards, September 2002

> • | RFC-3316, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) for Some Second and Third Generation Cellular Hosts, April 2003

> • | RFC-3706, A Traffic-Based Method of Detecting Dead Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Peers, February 2004

> • | RFC-3543, Registration Revocation in Mobile IPv4, August 2003

> • | RFC 3588, Diameter Base Protocol, September 2003

> • | RFC 4006, Diameter Credit-Control Application, August 2005

> • | Draft, Route Optimization in Mobile IP

> • | Draft, Generalized Key Distribution Extensions for Mobile IP

> • | Draft, AAA Keys for Mobile IP

> Object Management Group (OMG) Standards

> • | CORBA 2.6 Specification 01-09-35, Object Management Group

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