Table Of Contents

Switch Access: Using Authentication, Authorization and Accounting

Understanding Authentication Methods

Authentication Overview

Understanding How Local Authentication Works

Understanding How TACACS+ Authentication Works

Understanding How RADIUS Authentication Works

Understanding How Kerberos Authentication Works

Using Kerberized Login Procedure

Using a Non-Kerberized Login Procedure

Configuring Authentication

Authentication Default Configuration

Authentication Configuration Guidelines

Configuring Local Authentication

Enabling Local Authentication

Setting the Login Password

Setting the Enable Password

Disabling Local Authentication

Recovering a Lost Password

Configuring TACACS+ Authentication

Specifying TACACS+ Servers

Enabling TACACS+ Authentication

Specifying the TACACS+ Key

Specifying the TACACS+ Timeout Interval

Specifying the TACACS+ Login Attempts

Enabling TACACS+ Directed Request

Disabling TACACS+ Directed Request

Clearing TACACS+ Servers

Clearing the TACACS+ Key

Disabling TACACS+ Authentication

Configuring RADIUS Authentication

Specifying RADIUS Servers

Enabling RADIUS Authentication

Specifying the RADIUS Key

Specifying the RADIUS Timeout Interval

Specifying the RADIUS Retransmit Count

Specifying the RADIUS Deadtime

Clearing RADIUS Servers

Clearing the RADIUS Key

Disabling RADIUS Authentication

Configuring Kerberos Authentication

Enabling Kerberos

Defining the Kerberos Local Realm

Specifying a Kerberos Server

Mapping a Kerberos Realm to a Host Name or DNS Domain

Copying SRVTAB Files

Deleting an SRVTAB Entry

Enabling and Disabling Credentials Forwarding

Defining and Clearing a Private DES Key

Encrypting a Telnet Session

Displaying and Clearing Kerberos Configurations

Authentication Example

Understanding Authorization Methods

Authorization Overview

Authorization Events

TACACS+ Primary Options and Fallback Options

TACACS+ Command Authorization

RADIUS Authorization

Configuring Authorization

TACACS+ Authorization Default Configuration

TACACS+ Authorization Configuration Guidelines

Configuring TACACS+ Authorization

Enabling TACACS+ Authorization

Disabling TACACS+ Authorization

Authorization Example

Understanding Accounting Methods

Accounting Overview

Accounting Events

Specifying When to Create Accounting Records

Specifying RADIUS Servers

Updating the Server

Suppressing Accounting

Configuring Accounting

Accounting Default Configuration

Accounting Configuration Guidelines

Configuring Accounting

Enabling Accounting

Disabling Accounting

Accounting Example

Switch Access: Using Authentication, Authorization and Accounting

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This chapter describes how to configure authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) to monitor and control access to the command-line interface (CLI) on the Catalyst 6000 family switches.

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Note For complete syntax and usage information for the commands used in this chapter, refer to the Catalyst 6000 Family Command Reference publication.

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This chapter consists of these sections:

•Understanding Authentication Methods

•Configuring Authentication

•Authentication Example

•Understanding Authorization Methods

•Configuring Authorization

•Authorization Example

•Understanding Accounting Methods

•Configuring Accounting

•Accounting Example

Understanding Authentication Methods

These sections describe how the different authentication methods work:

•Authentication Overview

•Understanding How Local Authentication Works

•Understanding How TACACS+ Authentication Works

•Understanding How RADIUS Authentication Works

•Understanding How Kerberos Authentication Works

Authentication Overview

You can configure any combination of these authentication methods to control access to the switch:

•Local authentication

•RADIUS authentication

•TACACS+ authentication

•Kerberos authentication

---

Note Kerberos authentication does not work if TACACS+ is used as the authentication mechanism.

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When multiple authentication methods are enabled, local authentication is always attempted last if enabled. You can specify the authentication method to use for console and Telnet connections independently. For example, you might use local authentication for console connections and RADIUS authentication for Telnet connections.

Understanding How Local Authentication Works

Local authentication uses locally configured login and enable passwords to authenticate login attempts. The login and enable passwords are local to each switch and are not mapped to individual user names.

Local authentication is enabled by default, but can be disabled if one of the other authentication methods is enabled. If local authentication is disabled and you then disable all other authentication methods, local authentication is reenabled automatically.

You can enable local authentication and one or more of the other authentication methods at the same time. Local authentication is only attempted if the other authentication methods fail.

Understanding How TACACS+ Authentication Works

TACACS+ controls access to network devices by exchanging Network Access Server (NAS) information between a network device and a centralized database to determine the identity of a user or entity. TACACS+ is an enhanced version of TACACS, a User Datagram Protocol (UDP)-based access-control protocol specified by RFC 1492. TACACS+ uses TCP to ensure reliable delivery and encrypt all traffic between the TACACS+ server and the TACACS+ daemon on a network device.

TACACS+ works with many authentication types, including fixed password, one-time password, and challenge-response authentication. TACACS+ authentication usually occurs in these instances:

•When you first log onto a machine

•When you send a service request that requires privileged access

When you request privileged or restricted services, TACACS+ encrypts your user password information using the MD5 encryption algorithm and adds a TACACS+ packet header. This header information identifies the packet type being sent (for example, an authentication packet), the packet sequence number, the encryption type used, and the total packet length. The TACACS+ protocol then forwards the packet to the TACACS+ server.

A TACACS+ server can provide authentication, authorization, and accounting functions. These services, while all part of TACACS+, are independent of one another, so that a given TACACS+ configuration can use any or all of the three services.

When the TACACS+ server receives the packet, it does the following:

•Authenticates the user information and notifies the client that authentication has either passed or failed.

•Notifies the client that authentication will continue and that the client must provide additional information. This challenge-response process can continue through multiple iterations until authentication either passes or fails.

You can configure a TACACS+ key on the client and server. If you configure a key on the switch, it must be the same as the one configured on the TACACS+ servers. The TACACS+ clients and servers use the key to encrypt all TACACS+ packets transmitted. If you do not configure a TACACS+ key, packets are not encrypted.

You can configure the following TACACS+ parameters on the switch:

•Enable or disable TACACS+ authentication to determine if a user has permission to access the switch

•Enable or disable TACACS+ authentication to determine if a user has permission to enter privileged mode

•Specify a key used to encrypt the protocol packets

•Specify the server on which the TACACS+ server daemon resides

•Set the number of login attempts allowed

•Set the timeout interval for server daemon response

•Enable or disable the directed-request option

TACACS+ authentication is disabled by default. You can enable TACACS+ authentication and local authentication at the same time.

If local authentication is disabled and you then disable all other authentication methods, local authentication is reenabled automatically.

Understanding How RADIUS Authentication Works

RADIUS is a client-server authentication and authorization access protocol used by the NAS to authenticate users attempting to connect to a network device. The NAS functions as a client, passing user information to one or more RADIUS servers. The NAS permits or denies network access to a user based on the response it receives from one or more RADIUS servers. RADIUS uses UDP for transport between the RADIUS client and server.

You can configure a RADIUS key on the client and server. If you configure a key on the client, it must be the same as the one configured on the RADIUS servers. The RADIUS clients and servers use the key to encrypt all RADIUS packets transmitted. If you do not configure a RADIUS key, packets are not encrypted. The key itself is never transmitted over the network.

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Note For more information about how the RADIUS protocol operates, see RFC 2138, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)."

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You can configure the following RADIUS parameters on the switch:

•Enable or disable RADIUS authentication to control login access

•Enable or disable RADIUS authentication to control enable access

•Specify the IP addresses and UDP ports of the RADIUS servers

•Specify the RADIUS key used to encrypt RADIUS packets

•Specify the RADIUS server timeout interval

•Specify the RADIUS retransmit count

•Specify the RADIUS server deadtime interval

RADIUS authentication is disabled by default. You can enable RADIUS authentication and other authentication methods at the same time. You can specify which method to use first using the primary keyword.

If local authentication is disabled and you then disable all other authentication methods, local authentication is reenabled automatically.

Understanding How Kerberos Authentication Works

Kerberos is a client-server based secret-key network authentication method that uses a trusted Kerberos server to verify secure access to both services and users. In Kerberos, this trusted server is called the key distribution center (KDC). The KDC issues tickets to validate users and services. A ticket is a temporary set of electronic credentials that verify the identity of a client for a particular service.

These tickets have a limited life span and can be used in place of the standard user password pair authentication mechanism if a service trusts the Kerberos server from which the ticket was issued. If the standard user password method is used, Kerberos encrypts user passwords into the tickets, ensuring that passwords are not sent on the network in clear text. When you use Kerberos, passwords are not stored on any machine, except for the Kerberos server, for more than a few seconds. Kerberos also guards against intruders who might pick up the encrypted tickets from the network.

Table 15-1 defines the terms used in Kerberos.

Table 15-1 Kerberos Terminology 

Term	Definition
Kerberos Credential	General term referring to authentication tickets, such as ticket granting tickets (TGTs) and service credentials. Kerberos credentials verify the ticket of a user or service. If a network service decides to trust the Kerberos server that issued the ticket, it can be used in place of retyping in a username and password. Credentials have a default life span of eight hours.
Kerberos Principal	Also known as a Kerberos identity. The Kerberos principal is who you are or what a service is according to the Kerberos server.
Kerberos Realm	A domain consisting of users, hosts, and network services that are registered to a Kerberos server. The Kerberos server is trusted to verify the identity of a user or network service to another user or network service. Kerberos realms must always be in uppercase characters.
Kerberos Server	A daemon running on a network host. Users and network services register their identity with the Kerberos server. Network services query the Kerberos server to authenticate to other network services.
Key Distribution Center (KDC)	A Kerberos server and database program running on a network host that allocates the Kerberos Credentials to different users or network services.
Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT)	A credential that the KDC issues to authenticated users. When users receive a TGT, they can authenticate to network services within the Kerberos realm represented by the KDC.
Service Credential	A credential for a network service. When issued from the KDC, this credential is encrypted with the password shared by the network service and the KDC and with the user's TGT.
SRVTAB	A password that a network service shares with the KDC. The network service authenticates an encrypted service credential by using the SRVTAB (also known as a KEYTAB) to decrypt it.
Kerberized	Applications and services that have been modified to support the Kerberos credential infrastructure.

In the Catalyst 6000 family switches, Telnet clients and servers through both the console and in-band management port can be Kerberized.

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Note Kerberos authentication does not work if TACACS+ is used as the authentication mechanism.

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Note If you are logged in to the console through a modem or a terminal server, a Kerberized login procedure cannot be used.

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Using Kerberized Login Procedure

You can use a Kerberized Telnet session if you are logging in through the in-band management port. When the Telnet client and services have been Kerberized, you will follow this process when attempting to Telnet to the switch:

1. The Telnet client asks the user for the username and issues a request for a TGT to the KDC on the Kerberos server.

2. The KDC creates the TGT, which contains the user's identity, the KDC's identity, and the TGT's expiration time. The KDC then encrypts the TGT with the user's password and sends the TGT to the client.

3. When the Telnet client receives the encrypted TGT, it prompts the user for the password. If the Telnet client can decrypt the TGT with the entered password, the user is successfully authenticated to the KDC. The client then builds a service credential request and sends this to the KDC. This request contains the user's identity and a message saying that it wants to Telnet to the switch. This request is encrypted using the TGT.

4. When the KDC successfully decrypts the service credential request with the TGT that it issued to the client, it builds a service to the switch. The service credential has the client's identity and the identity of the desired Telnet server. The KDC then encrypts the credential with the password that it shares with the switch's Telnet server and encrypts the resulting packet with the Telnet client's TGT and sends this packet to the client.

5. The Telnet client decrypts the packet first with its TGT. If encryption is successful, the client then sends the resulting packet to the switch's Telnet server. At this point, the packet is still encrypted with the password that the switch's Telnet server and the KDC share.

6. If the Telnet client has been instructed to do so, it forwards the TGT to the switch. This ensures that the user does not need to get another TGT in order to use another network service from the switch.

Figure 15-1 illustrates the Kerberos Telnet connection process.

Figure 15-1 Kerberized Telnet Connection

Using a Non-Kerberized Login Procedure

If a non-Kerberized login procedure is used to log in to the switch, the switch takes care of authentication to the KDC on behalf of the login client. However, the user password is now transferred in clear text from the login client to the switch.

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Note A non-Kerberized login can be performed through a modem or terminal server through the in-band management port. Telnet does not support non-Kerberized login.

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If a non-Kerberized login is launched, the following process takes place:

1. The switch prompts you for a username and password.

2. The switch requests a TGT from the KDC so that you can be authenticated to the switch.

3. The KDC sends an encrypted TGT to the switch, which contains your identity, KDC's identity, and TGT's expiration time.

4. The switch tries to decrypt the TGT with the password that you entered. If the decryption is successful, you are authenticated to the switch.

5. If you want to access other network services, the KDC must be contacted directly for authentication. To obtain the TGT, you can run the program "kinit," the client software provided with the Kerberos package.

Figure 15-2 illustrates the non-Kerberized login process.

Figure 15-2 Non-Kerberized Telnet Connection

Configuring Authentication

These sections describe how to configure the different authentication methods:

•Authentication Default Configuration

•Authentication Configuration Guidelines

•Configuring Local Authentication

•Configuring TACACS+ Authentication

•Configuring RADIUS Authentication

•Configuring Kerberos Authentication

•Authentication Example

Authentication Default Configuration

Table 15-2 shows the default authentication configuration.

Table 15-2 Authentication Default Configuration 

Feature	Default Value
Local login authentication (console and Telnet)	Enabled
Local enable authentication (console and Telnet)	Enabled
Kerberos login authentication (console and Telnet)	Disabled
Kerberos enable authentication (console and Telnet)	Disabled
Kerberos server IP address	None specified
Kerberos DES key	None specified
Kerberos server auth-port	Port 750
Kerberos local-realm name	NULL string
Kerberos credentials forwarding	Disabled
Kerberos clients mandatory	Not mandatory
Kerberos preauthentication	Disabled
RADIUS login authentication (console and Telnet)	Disabled
RADIUS enable authentication (console and Telnet)	Disabled
RADIUS server IP address	None specified
RADIUS server UDP auth-port	Port 1812
RADIUS key	None specified
RADIUS server timeout	5 seconds
RADIUS server deadtime	0 (servers not marked dead)
RADIUS retransmit attempts	2 times
TACACS+ login authentication (console and Telnet)	Disabled
TACACS+ enable authentication (console and Telnet)	Disabled
TACACS+ key	None specified
TACACS+ login attempts	3
TACACS+ server timeout	5 seconds
TACACS+ directed request	Disabled

Authentication Configuration Guidelines

These guidelines apply when configuring authentication on the switch:

•Authentication configuration applies both to console and Telnet connection attempts unless you use the console and telnet keywords to specify the authentication methods to use for each connection type individually.

•If you configure a RADIUS or TACACS+ key on the switch, make sure you configure an identical key on the RADIUS or TACACS+ server.

•You must specify a RADIUS or TACACS+ server before enabling RADIUS or TACACS+ on the switch.

•If you configure multiple RADIUS or TACACS+ servers, the first server configured is the primary and authentication requests are sent to this server first. You can specify a particular server as primary by using the primary keyword.

•RADIUS and TACACS+ support one privileged mode only (level 1).

•Kerberos authentication does not work if TACACS+ is also used as an authentication mechanism.

Configuring Local Authentication

These sections describe how to configure local authentication on the switch:

•Enabling Local Authentication

•Setting the Login Password

•Setting the Enable Password

•Disabling Local Authentication

•Recovering a Lost Password

Enabling Local Authentication

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Note Local login and enable authentication are enabled for both console and Telnet connections by default. You do not need to perform this task unless you want to modify the default configuration or you have disabled local authentication.

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To enable local authentication on the switch, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Enable local login authentication on the switch. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to enable local authentication only for console port or Telnet connection attempts.	set authentication login local enable [all | console | http | telnet]
Step 2	Enable local enable authentication on the switch. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to enable local authentication only for console port or Telnet connection attempts.	set authentication enable local enable [all | console | http | telnet]
Step 3	Verify the local authentication configuration.	show authentication

This example shows how to enable local login and enable authentication for both console and Telnet connections and how to verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set authentication login local enable

local login authentication set to enable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) set authentication enable local enable

local enable authentication set to enable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) show authentication

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled

radius                 disabled          disabled

kerberos               disabled          disabled

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled

radius                 disabled          disabled

kerberos               disabled          disabled

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Console> (enable)

Setting the Login Password

The login password controls access to the user mode CLI. Passwords are case sensitive, can contain up to 19 characters, and use any printable character, including a space.

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Note Passwords set in releases prior to software release 5.4 remain non-case sensitive. You must reset the password after installing software release 5.4 to activate case sensitivity.

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To set the login password for local authentication, perform this task in privileged mode:

Task	Command
Set the login password for access. Enter your old password (press Return on a switch with no password configured), enter your new password, and reenter your new password.	set password

This example shows how to set the login password on the switch:

Console> (enable) set password

Enter old password: <old_password>

Enter new password: <new_password>

Retype new password: <new_password>

Password changed.

Console> (enable)

Setting the Enable Password

The login password controls access to the user mode CLI. Passwords are case sensitive, can contain up to 19 characters, and use any printable character, including a space.

---

Note Passwords set in releases prior to software release 5.4 remain non-case sensitive. You must reset the password after installing software release 5.4 to activate case sensitivity.

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To set the enable password for local authentication, perform this task in privileged mode:

Task	Command
Set the password for privileged mode. Enter your old password (press Return on a switch with no password configured), enter your new password, and reenter your new password.	set enablepass

This example shows how to set the enable password on the switch:

Console> (enable) set enablepass

Enter old password: <old_password>

Enter new password: <new_password>

Retype new password: <new_password>

Password changed.

Console> (enable)

Disabling Local Authentication

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Caution Make sure that RADIUS or TACACS+ authentication is configured and operating correctly before disabling local login or enable authentication. If you disable local authentication and RADIUS or TACACS+ is not configured correctly, or if the RADIUS or TACACS+ server is not online, you may be unable to log in to the switch.

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To disable local authentication on the switch, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Disable local login authentication on the switch. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to disable local authentication only for console port or Telnet connection attempts.	set authentication login local disable [all | console | http | telnet]
Step 2	Disable local enable authentication on the switch. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to disable local authentication only for console port or Telnet connection attempts.	set authentication enable local disable [all | console | http | telnet]
Step 3	Verify the local authentication configuration.	show authentication

This example shows how to disable local login and enable authentication for both console and Telnet connections and how to verify the configuration (you must have RADIUS or TACACS+ authentication enabled before you disable local authentication):

Console> (enable) set authentication login local disable

local login authentication set to disable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) set authentication enable local disable

local enable authentication set to disable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) show authentication

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

kerberos               disabled          disabled

local                  disabled          disabled        

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

kerberos               disabled          disabled

local                  disabled          disabled        

Console> (enable) 

Recovering a Lost Password

To recover a lost local authentication password, perform this task. You must complete Steps 3 through 7 within 30 seconds of a power cycle or the recovery will fail. If you lost both the login and enable passwords, repeat the process for each password.

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Step 1 Connect to the switch through the supervisor engine console port (you cannot recover the password if you are connected through a Telnet connection).

Step 2 Enter the reset system command to reboot the switch.

Step 3 At the "Enter Password" prompt, press Return (the login password is null for 30 seconds when you are connected to the console port).

Step 4 Enter privileged mode using the enable command.

Step 5 At the "Enter Password" prompt, press Return (the enable password is null for 30 seconds when you are connected to the console port).

Step 6 Enter the set password or set enablepass command, as appropriate.

Step 7 When prompted for your old password, press Return.

Step 8 Enter and confirm your new password.

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Configuring TACACS+ Authentication

These sections describe how to configure TACACS+ authentication on the switch:

•Specifying TACACS+ Servers

•Enabling TACACS+ Authentication

•Specifying the TACACS+ Key

•Specifying the TACACS+ Timeout Interval

•Specifying the TACACS+ Login Attempts

•Enabling TACACS+ Directed Request

•Disabling TACACS+ Directed Request

•Clearing TACACS+ Servers

•Clearing the TACACS+ Key

•Disabling TACACS+ Authentication

Specifying TACACS+ Servers

Specify one or more TACACS+ servers before you enable TACACS+ authentication on the switch. The first server you specify is the primary server, unless you explicitly make one server the primary using the primary keyword.

To specify one or more TACACS+ servers, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the IP address of one or more TACACS+ servers.	set tacacs server ip_addr [primary]
Step 2	Verify the TACACS+ configuration.	show tacacs

This example shows how to specify TACACS+ servers and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set tacacs server 172.20.52.3

172.20.52.3 added to TACACS server table as primary server.

Console> (enable) set tacacs server 172.20.52.2 primary

172.20.52.2 added to TACACS server table as primary server.

Console> (enable) set tacacs server 172.20.52.10

172.20.52.10 added to TACACS server table as backup server.

Console> (enable)

Console> (enable) show tacacs

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Tacacs key: 

Tacacs login attempts: 3

Tacacs timeout: 5 seconds

Tacacs direct request: disabled

Tacacs-Server                              Status

----------------------------------------   -------

172.20.52.3                                

172.20.52.2                                primary

172.20.52.10                               

Console> (enable)

Enabling TACACS+ Authentication

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Note Specify at least one TACACS+ server before enabling TACACS+ authentication on the switch. For information on specifying a TACACS+ server, see the "Specifying TACACS+ Servers" section.

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You can enable TACACS+ authentication for login and enable access to the switch. If desired, you can use the console and telnet keywords to specify that TACACS+ authentication be used only on console or Telnet connections. If you are using both RADIUS and TACACS+, you can use the primary keyword to force the switch to try TACACS+ authentication first.

To enable TACACS+ authentication, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Enable TACACS+ authentication for normal login mode. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to enable TACACS+ only for console port or Telnet connection attempts.	set authentication login tacacs enable [all | console | http | telnet ] [primary]
Step 2	Enable TACACS+ authentication for enable mode. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to enable TACACS+ only for console port or Telnet connection attempts.	set authentication enable tacacs enable [all | console | http | telnet ] [primary]
Step 3	Verify the TACACS+ configuration.	show authentication

This example shows how to enable TACACS+ authentication for console and Telnet connections and how to verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set authentication login tacacs enable

tacacs login authentication set to enable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) set authentication enable tacacs enable

tacacs enable authentication set to enable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) show authentication

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled           enabled         

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled           enabled         

Console> (enable)

Specifying the TACACS+ Key

---

Note If you configure a TACACS+ key on the client, make sure you configure an identical key on the TACACS+ server.

---

To specify the TACACS+ key, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the key used to encrypt packets.	set tacacs key key
Step 2	Verify the TACACS+ configuration.	show tacacs

This example shows how to specify the TACACS+ key and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set tacacs key Secret_TACACS_key

The tacacs key has been set to Secret_TACACS_key.

Console> (enable) show tacacs

Tacacs key: Secret_TACACS_key

Tacacs login attempts: 3

Tacacs timeout: 5 seconds

Tacacs direct request: disabled

Tacacs-Server                              Status

----------------------------------------   -------

172.20.52.3                                

172.20.52.2                                primary

172.20.52.10                               

Console> (enable)

Specifying the TACACS+ Timeout Interval

You can specify the timeout interval between retransmissions to the TACACS+ server. The default timeout is 5 seconds.

To specify the TACACS+ timeout interval, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the TACACS+ timeout interval.	set tacacs timeout seconds
Step 2	Verify the TACACS+ configuration.	show tacacs

This example shows how to specify the server timeout interval and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set tacacs timeout 30 

Tacacs timeout set to 30 seconds.

Console> (enable) show tacacs

Tacacs key: Secret_TACACS_key

Tacacs login attempts: 3

Tacacs timeout: 30 seconds

Tacacs direct request: disabled

Tacacs-Server                              Status

----------------------------------------   -------

172.20.52.3                                

172.20.52.2                                primary

172.20.52.10                               

Console> (enable) 

Specifying the TACACS+ Login Attempts

You can specify the number of failed login attempts allowed.

To specify the number of login attempts allowed, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the number of allowed login attempts.	set tacacs attempts number
Step 2	Verify the TACACS+ configuration.	show tacacs

This example shows how to specify the number of login attempts and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set tacacs attempts 5

Tacacs number of attempts set to 5.

Console> (enable) show tacacs

Tacacs key: Secret_TACACS_key

Tacacs login attempts: 5

Tacacs timeout: 30 seconds

Tacacs direct request: disabled

Tacacs-Server                              Status

----------------------------------------   -------

172.20.52.3                                

172.20.52.2                                primary

172.20.52.10                               

Console> (enable) 

Enabling TACACS+ Directed Request

When TACACS+ directed request is enabled, users must specify the hostname of a configured TACACS+ server (in the form username@server_hostname) or the authentication request will fail.

To enable TACACS+ directed request, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Enable TACACS+ directed request on the switch.	set tacacs directedrequest enable
Step 2	Verify the TACACS+ configuration.	show tacacs

This example shows how to enable TACACS+ directed request and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set tacacs directedrequest enable

Tacacs direct request has been enabled.

Console> (enable) show tacacs

Tacacs key: Secret_TACACS_key

Tacacs login attempts: 5

Tacacs timeout: 30 seconds

Tacacs direct request: enabled

Tacacs-Server                              Status

----------------------------------------   -------

172.20.52.3                                

172.20.52.2                                primary

172.20.52.10                               

Console> (enable) 

Disabling TACACS+ Directed Request

To disable TACACS+ directed request, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Disable TACACS+ directed request on the switch.	set tacacs directedrequest disable
Step 2	Verify the TACACS+ configuration.	show tacacs

This example shows how to disable TACACS+ directed request:

Console> (enable) set tacacs directedrequest disable 

Tacacs direct request has been disabled.

Console> (enable) 

Clearing TACACS+ Servers

To clear one or more TACACS+ servers, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the IP address of the TACACS+ server to clear from the configuration. Use the all keyword to clear all of the servers from the configuration.	clear tacacs server [ip_addr | all]
Step 2	Verify the TACACS+ server configuration.	show tacacs

This example shows how to clear a specific TACACS+ server from the configuration:

Console> (enable) clear tacacs server 172.20.52.3

172.20.52.3 cleared from TACACS table

Console> (enable)

This example shows how to clear all TACACS+ servers from the configuration:

Console> (enable) clear tacacs server all

All TACACS servers cleared

Console> (enable)

Clearing the TACACS+ Key

To clear the TACACS+ key, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Clear the TACACS+ key.	clear tacacs key
Step 2	Verify the TACACS+ configuration.	show tacacs

This example shows how to clear the TACACS+ key:

Console> (enable) clear tacacs key

TACACS server key cleared.

Console> (enable) 

Disabling TACACS+ Authentication

If you disable TACACS+ authentication with both RADIUS and local authentication disabled, local authentication is reenabled automatically.

To disable TACACS+ authentication, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Disable TACACS+ authentication for normal login mode. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to disable TACACS+ only for console port or Telnet connection attempts.	set authentication login tacacs disable [all | console | http | telnet]
Step 2	Disable TACACS+ authentication for enable mode. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to disable TACACS+ only for console port or Telnet connection attempts.	set authentication enable tacacs disable [all | console | http | telnet]
Step 3	Verify the TACACS+ configuration.	show authentication

This example shows how to disable TACACS+ authentication for console and Telnet connections and how to verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set authentication login tacacs disable

tacacs login authentication set to disable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) set authentication enable tacacs disable

tacacs enable authentication set to disable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) show authentication

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Console> (enable) 

Configuring RADIUS Authentication

These sections describe how to configure RADIUS authentication on the switch:

•Specifying RADIUS Servers

•Enabling RADIUS Authentication

•Specifying the RADIUS Key

•Specifying the RADIUS Timeout Interval

•Specifying the RADIUS Retransmit Count

•Specifying the RADIUS Deadtime

•Clearing RADIUS Servers

•Clearing the RADIUS Key

•Disabling RADIUS Authentication

Specifying RADIUS Servers

To specify one or more RADIUS servers, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the IP address of up to three RADIUS servers. Specify the primary server using the primary keyword. Optionally, specify the destination UDP port to use on the server.	set radius server ip_addr [auth-port port_number] [primary]
Step 2	Verify the RADIUS server configuration.	show radius

This example shows how to specify a RADIUS server and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set radius server 172.20.52.3

172.20.52.3 with auth-port 1812 added to radius server table as primary server.

Console> (enable) show radius

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Radius Deadtime:              0 minutes

Radius Key:                   

Radius Retransmit:            2

Radius Timeout:               5 seconds

Radius-Server                 Status   Auth-port

----------------------------- -------  ------------

172.20.52.3                   primary  1812

Console> (enable)

Enabling RADIUS Authentication

---

Note Specify at least one RADIUS server before enabling RADIUS authentication on the switch. For information on specifying a RADIUS server, see the "Specifying RADIUS Servers" section.

---

You can enable RADIUS authentication for login and enable access to the switch. If desired, you can use the console and telnet keywords to specify that RADIUS authentication be used only on console or Telnet connections. If you are using both RADIUS and TACACS+, you can use the primary keyword to force the switch to try RADIUS authentication first.

To configure RADIUS authentication, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Enable RADIUS authentication for normal login mode.	set authentication login radius enable [all | console | http | telnet ] [primary]
Step 2	Enable RADIUS authentication for enable mode.	set authentication enable radius enable [all | console | http | telnet ] [primary]
Step 3	Verify the RADIUS configuration.	show authentication

This example shows how to enable RADIUS authentication and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set authentication login radius enable

radius login authentication set to enable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) set authentication enable radius enable

radius enable authentication set to enable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) show authentication

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

Console> (enable)

Specifying the RADIUS Key

---

Note If you configure a RADIUS key on the client, make sure you configure an identical key on the RADIUS server.

---

The RADIUS key is used to encrypt and authenticate all communication between the RADIUS client and server. You must configure the same key on the client and the RADIUS server.

The length of the key is limited to 65 characters. It can include any printable ASCII characters except tabs.

To specify the RADIUS key, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the RADIUS key used to encrypt packets sent to the RADIUS server.	set radius key key
Step 2	Verify the RADIUS configuration.	show radius

This example shows how to specify the RADIUS key and verify the configuration (in normal mode, the RADIUS key value is hidden):

Console> (enable) set radius key Secret_RADIUS_key       

Radius key set to Secret_RADIUS_key

Console> (enable) show radius

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

Radius Deadtime:              0 minutes

Radius Key:                   Secret_RADIUS_key

Radius Retransmit:            2

Radius Timeout:               5 seconds

Radius-Server                 Status   Auth-port

----------------------------- -------  ------------

172.20.52.3                   primary  1812

Console> (enable) 

Specifying the RADIUS Timeout Interval

You can specify the timeout interval between retransmissions to the RADIUS server. The default timeout is 5 seconds.

To specify the RADIUS timeout interval, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the RADIUS timeout interval.	set radius timeout seconds
Step 2	Verify the RADIUS configuration.	show radius

This example shows how to specify the RADIUS timeout interval and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set radius timeout 10

Radius timeout set to 10 seconds.

Console> (enable) show radius

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

Radius Deadtime:              0 minutes

Radius Key:                   Secret_RADIUS_key

Radius Retransmit:            2

Radius Timeout:               10 seconds

Radius-Server                 Status   Auth-port

----------------------------- -------  ------------

172.20.52.3                   primary  1812

Console> (enable) 

Specifying the RADIUS Retransmit Count

You can specify the number of times the switch will attempt to contact a RADIUS server before the next configured server is tried. By default, each RADIUS server will be tried two times.

To specify the RADIUS retransmit count, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the RADIUS server retransmit count.	set radius retransmit count
Step 2	Verify the RADIUS configuration.	show radius

This example shows how to specify the RADIUS retransmit count and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set radius retransmit 4

Radius retransmit count set to 4.

Console> (enable) show radius

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

Radius Deadtime:              0 minutes

Radius Key:                   Secret_RADIUS_key

Radius Retransmit:            4

Radius Timeout:               10 seconds

Radius-Server                 Status   Auth-port

----------------------------- -------  ------------

172.20.52.3                   primary  1812

Console> (enable) 

Specifying the RADIUS Deadtime

You can configure the switch so that, when a RADIUS server does not respond to an authentication request, the switch marks that server as dead for the length of time specified by the deadtime. Any authentication requests received during the deadtime interval (such as other users attempting to log in to the switch) are not sent to a RADIUS server marked dead. Configuring a deadtime speeds up the authentication process by eliminating timeouts and retransmissions to the dead RADIUS server.

If you configure only one RADIUS server, or if all of the configured servers are marked dead, the deadtime is ignored because there are no alternate servers available.

To set the RADIUS deadtime, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the RADIUS server deadtime interval.	set radius deadtime minutes
Step 2	Verify the RADIUS configuration.	show radius

This example shows how to specify the RADIUS deadtime interval and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set radius deadtime 5

Radius deadtime set to 5 minute(s).

Console> (enable) show radius

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

Radius Deadtime:              5 minutes

Radius Key:                   Secret_RADIUS_key

Radius Retransmit:            4

Radius Timeout:               10 seconds

Radius-Server                 Status   Auth-port

----------------------------- -------  ------------

172.20.52.3                   primary  1812

172.20.52.2                            1812

Console> (enable)

Clearing RADIUS Servers

To clear one or more RADIUS servers, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the IP address of the RADIUS server to clear from the configuration. Use the all keyword to clear all of the servers from the configuration.	clear radius server [ip_addr | all]
Step 2	Verify the RADIUS server configuration.	show radius

This example shows how to clear a single RADIUS server from the configuration:

Console> (enable) clear radius server 172.20.52.3

172.20.52.3 cleared from radius server table.

Console> (enable)

This example shows how to clear all RADIUS servers from the configuration:

Console> (enable) clear radius server all

All radius servers cleared from radius server table.

Console> (enable)

Clearing the RADIUS Key

To clear the RADIUS key, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Clear the RADIUS key.	clear radius key
Step 2	Verify the RADIUS configuration.	show radius

This example shows how to clear the RADIUS key and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) clear radius key

Radius key cleared.

Console> (enable) 

Disabling RADIUS Authentication

If you disable RADIUS authentication with both TACACS+ and local authentication disabled, local authentication is reenabled automatically.

To disable RADIUS authentication, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Disable RADIUS authentication for login mode.	set authentication login radius disable [all | console | http | telnet]
Step 2	Disable RADIUS authentication for enable mode.	set authentication enable radius disable [all | console | http | telnet]
Step 3	Verify the RADIUS configuration.	show radius show authentication

This example shows how to disable RADIUS authentication:

Console> (enable) set authentication login radius disable

radius login authentication set to disable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) set authentication enable radius disable

radius enable authentication set to disable for console and telnet session.

Console> (enable) show authentication

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Console> (enable) 

Configuring Kerberos Authentication

Before you can use Kerberos as an authentication method on the switch, you need to configure the Kerberos server. You will need to create a database for the KDC and add the switch to the database.

---

Note Kerberos authentication requires that NTP is enabled. Additionally, we recommend that you enable DNS.

---

To configure the Kerberos server, perform this procedure:

---

Step 1 Before you can enter the switch in the Kerberos server's key table, you must create the database the KDC will use. In the following example, a database called CISCO.EDU is created:

/usr/local/sbin/kdb5_util create -r CISCO.EDU -s 

Step 2 Add the switch to the database. The following example adds a switch called Cat6509 to the CISCO.EDU database.

ank host/Cat6509.cisco.edu@CISCO.EDU

Step 3 Add the user name.

ank user1@CISCO.EDU

Step 4 Add the administrative principals.

ank user1/admin@CISCO.EDU 

Step 5 Create the entry for the switch in the database, using the admin.local ktadd command.

ktadd  host/Cat6509.cisco.edu@CISCO.EDU 

Step 6 Move the keytab file to a place where the switch can reach it.

Step 7 Start the KDC server.

/usr/local/sbin/krb5kdc

	/usr/local/sbin/kadmind

---

These sections describe how to configure Kerberos authentication on the switch.

•Enabling Kerberos

•Defining the Kerberos Local Realm

•Specifying a Kerberos Server

•Mapping a Kerberos Realm to a Host Name or DNS Domain

•Copying SRVTAB Files

•Deleting an SRVTAB Entry

•Enabling and Disabling Credentials Forwarding

•Defining and Clearing a Private DES Key

•Encrypting a Telnet Session

•Displaying and Clearing Kerberos Configurations

Enabling Kerberos

To enable Kerberos authentication, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify Kerberos as the authentication method.	set authentication login kerberos enable [all | console | http | telnet] [primary]
Step 2	Verify the configuration.	show authentication

This example shows how to enable Kerberos as the login authentication method for Telnet and verify the configuration:

kerberos> (enable) set authentication login kerberos enable telnet 

kerberos login authentication set to enable for telnet session.

kerberos> (enable) show authentication 

Login Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

kerberos               disabled          enabled(primary)

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled         

Enable Authentication:Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

kerberos               disabled          enabled(primary)

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled         

kerberos> (enable)

This example shows how to enable Kerberos as the login authentication method for the console and verify the configuration:

kerberos> (enable) set authentication login  kerberos enable console 

kerberos login authentication set to enable for console session.

kerberos> (enable) show authentication 

Login Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

kerberos               enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

Enable Authentication:Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

kerberos               enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

local                  enabled           enabled         

kerberos> (enable) 

Defining the Kerberos Local Realm

The Kerberos realm is a domain consisting of users, hosts, and network services that are registered to a Kerberos server. To authenticate a user defined in the Kerberos database, the switch must know the host name or IP address of the host running the KDC and the name of the Kerberos realm.

To configure the switch to authenticate to the KDC in a specified Kerberos realm, perform this task in privileged mode:

Task	Command
Define the default realm for the switch.	set kerberos local-realm kerberos-realm

---

Note Make sure the realm is entered in uppercase letters. Kerberos will not authenticate users if the realm is entered in lowercase letters.

---

This example shows how to define a local realm and how to verify the configuration:

kerberos> (enable) set kerberos local-realm CISCO.COM 

Kerberos local realm for this switch set to CISCO.COM.

kerberos> (enable) show kerberos 

Kerberos Local Realm:CISCO.COM 

Kerberos server entries:

Realm:CISCO.COM,  Server:187.0.2.1,  Port:750

Kerberos Domain<->Realm entries:

Domain:cisco.com,  Realm:CISCO.COM 

Kerberos Clients NOT Mandatory

Kerberos Credentials Forwarding Enabled

Kerberos Pre Authentication Method set to None

Kerberos config key:

Kerberos SRVTAB Entries 

Srvtab Entry 1:host/niners.cisco.com@CISCO.COM 0 932423923 1 1 8 01;;8>00>50;0=0=0

kerberos> (enable)

Specifying a Kerberos Server

You can specify to the switch which KDC to use in a specific Kerberos realm. Optionally, you can also specify the port number which the KDC is monitoring. The Kerberos server information you enter is maintained in a table with one entry for each Kerberos realm. The maximum number of entries in the table is 100.

To specify the Kerberos server, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify which KDC to use in a given Kerberos realm. Optionally, enter the port number the KDC is monitoring. (The default port number is 750.)	set kerberos server kerberos-realm {hostname | ip-address} [port-number]
Step 2	Clear the Kerberos server entry.	clear kerberos server kerberos-realm {hostname | ip-address} [port-number]

This example shows how to specify which Kerberos server will serve as the KDC for the specified Kerberos realm and how to clear the entry:

kerberos> (enable) set kerberos server CISCO.COM 187.0.2.1 750 

Kerberos Realm-Server-Port entry set to:CISCO.COM - 187.0.2.1 - 750

kerberos> (enable) 

Console> (enable) clear kerberos server CISCO.COM 187.0.2.1 750

Kerberos Realm-Server-Port entry CISCO.COM-187.0.2.1-750  deleted

Console> (enable) 

Mapping a Kerberos Realm to a Host Name or DNS Domain

Optionally, you can map a host name or domain name system (DNS) domain to a Kerberos realm.

To map a Kerberos realm to either a host name or DNS domain, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	(Optional) Map a host name or DNS domain to a Kerberos realm.	set kerberos realm {dns-domain | host} kerberos-realm
Step 2	Clear the Kerberos realm domain or host mapping entry.	clear kerberos realm {dns-domain | host} kerberos-realm

This example shows how to map a Kerberos realm to a DNS domain and how to clear the entry:

Console> (enable) set kerberos realm CISCO CISCO.COM

Kerberos DnsDomain-Realm entry set to CISCO - CISCO.COM

Console> (enable)

Console> (enable) clear kerberos realm CISCO CISCO.COM

Kerberos DnsDomain-Realm entry CISCO - CISCO.COM deleted

Console> (enable) 

Copying SRVTAB Files

To make it possible for remote users to authenticate to the switch using Kerberos credentials, the switch must share a key with the KDC. To allow this configuration, you must give the switch a copy of the file stored in the KDC that contains the key. These files are called SRVTAB files on the switch and KEYTAB files on the servers.

The most secure method to copy SRVTAB files to the hosts in your Kerberos realm is to copy them onto physical media and go to each host in turn and manually copy the files onto the system. To copy SRVTAB files to a switch that does not have a physical media drive, you must transfer them through the network by using the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).

When you copy the SRVTAB file from the switch to the KDC, the switch parses the information in this file and stores it in the running configuration in the Kerberos SRVTAB entry format. If you enter the SRVTAB directly into the switch, create an entry for each Kerberos principal (service) on the switch. The entries are maintained in the SRVTAB table. The maximum size of the table is
20 entries.

To remotely copy SRVTAB files to the switch from the KDC, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Retrieve a specified SRVTAB file from the KDC.	set kerberos srvtab remote {hostname | ip-address} filename
Step 2	(Optional) Enter the SRVTAB directly into the switch.	set kerberos srvtab entry kerberos-principal principal-type timestamp key-version number key-type key-length encrypted-keytab

This example shows how to retrieve a SRVTAB file from the KDC, enter a SRVTAB directly into the switch, and verify the configuration:

kerberos> (enable) set kerberos srvtab remote 187.20.32.10 /users/jdoe/krb5/ninerskeytab 
kerberos> (enable)

kerberos> (enable) set kerberos srvtab entry host/niners.cisco.com@CISCO.COM 0 932423923 
1 1 8 03;;5>00>50;0=0=0

Kerberos SRVTAB entry set to 

Principal:host/niners.cisco.com@CISCO.COM

Principal Type:0

Timestamp:932423923

Key version number:1

Key type:1

Key length:8

Encrypted key tab:03;;5>00>50;0=0=0

kerberos> (enable) show kerberos 

Kerberos Local Realm:CISCO.COM 

Kerberos server entries:

Realm:CISCO.COM,  Server:187.0.2.1,  Port:750

Realm:CISCO.COM,  Server:187.20.2.1,  Port:750

Kerberos Domain<->Realm entries:

Domain:cisco.com,  Realm:CISCO.COM 

Kerberos Clients NOT Mandatory

Kerberos Credentials Forwarding Enabled

Kerberos Pre Authentication Method set to None

Kerberos config key:

Kerberos SRVTAB Entries 

Srvtab Entry 1:host/niners.cisco.com@CISCO.COM 0 932423923 1 1 8 03;;5>00>50;0=0=0

Srvtab Entry 2:host/niners.cisco.edu@CISCO.EDU 0 933974942 1 1 8 00?58:127:223=:;9

kerberos> (enable) 

Deleting an SRVTAB Entry

To delete an SRVTAB entry, perform this task in privileged mode:

Task	Command
Delete the SRVTAB entry for a particular Kerberos principal.	clear kerberos srvtab entry kerberos-principal principal-type

This example shows how to delete an SRVTAB entry:

kerberos> (enable) clear kerberos srvtab entry host/niners.cisco.com@CISCO.COM 0

kerberos> (enable) 

Enabling and Disabling Credentials Forwarding

A user authenticated to a Kerberized switch has a TGT and can use it to authenticate to a host on the network. However, if forwarding is not enabled and a user tries to list credentials after authenticating to a host, the output will show no Kerberos credentials present.

To enable credentials forwarding, configure the switch to forward user TGTs when they authenticate from the switch to Kerberized remote hosts on the network using Kerberized Telnet.

As an additional layer of security, you can configure the switch so that after users authenticate to it, these users can authenticate only to other services on the network with Kerberized clients. If you do not make Kerberos authentication mandatory and Kerberos authentication fails, the application attempts to authenticate users using the default method of authentication for that network service. For example, Telnet prompts for a password.

To configure clients to forward user credentials as they connect to other hosts in the Kerberos realm, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Set all clients to forward user credentials upon successful Kerberos authentication.	set kerberos credentials forward
Step 2	(Optional) Configure Telnet to fail if clients cannot authenticate to the remote server.	set kerberos clients mandatory

This example shows how to configure clients to forward user credentials and verify the configuration:

kerberos> (enable) set kerberos credentials forward 

Kerberos credentials forwarding enabled

kerberos> (enable) show kerberos

Kerberos Local Realm:CISCO.COM 

Kerberos server entries:

Realm:CISCO.COM,  Server:187.0.2.1,  Port:750

Realm:CISCO.COM,  Server:187.20.2.1, Port:750

Kerberos Domain<->Realm entries:

Domain:cisco.com,  Realm:CISCO.COM 

Kerberos Clients NOT Mandatory

Kerberos Credentials Forwarding Enabled

Kerberos Pre Authentication Method set to None

Kerberos config key:

Kerberos SRVTAB Entries 

Srvtab Entry 1:host/aspen-niners.cisco.edu@CISCO.EDU 0 933974942 1 1 8 00?91:107:423=:;9

kerberos> (enable)

This example shows how to configure the switch so that Kerberos clients are mandatory for users to authenticate to other network services:

Console> (enable) set kerberos clients mandatory 

Kerberos clients set to mandatory

Console> (enable)

To clear the credentials forwarding configuration, perform this task in privileged mode:

Task	Command
Clear the credentials forwarding configuration.	clear kerberos credentials forward

This example shows how to clear the credentials forwarding configuration and verify the change:

Console> (enable) clear kerberos credentials forward 

Kerberos credentials forwarding disabled

Console> (enable) show kerberos 

Kerberos Local Realm not configured

Kerberos server entries:

Kerberos Domain<->Realm entries:

Kerberos Clients NOT Mandatory

Kerberos Credentials Forwarding Disabled

Kerberos Pre Authentication Method set to None

Kerberos config key:

Kerberos SRVTAB Entries 

Console> (enable) 

To clear the Kerberos clients mandatory configuration, perform this task in privileged mode:

Task	Command
Clear the Kerberos clients mandatory configuration.	clear kerberos clients mandatory

This example shows how to clear the clients mandatory configuration and verify the change:

Console> (enable) clear kerberos clients mandatory 

Kerberos clients mandatory cleared

Console> (enable) show kerberos

Kerberos Local Realm not configured

Kerberos server entries:

Kerberos Domain<->Realm entries:

Kerberos Clients NOT Mandatory

Kerberos Credentials Forwarding Disabled

Kerberos Pre Authentication Method set to None

Kerberos config key:

Kerberos SRVTAB Entries 

Console> (enable) 

Kerberos server entries:

Kerberos Domain<->Realm entries:

Kerberos Clients Mandatory

Kerberos Credentials Forwarding Disabled

Kerberos Pre Authentication Method set to Encrypted Unix Time Stamp

Kerberos config key:

Kerberos SRVTAB Entries 

Console> (enable)

Defining and Clearing a Private DES Key

You can define a private DES key for the switch. The private DES key can be used to encrypt the secret key that the switch shares with the KDC so that when the show kerberos command is executed, the secret key is not displayed in clear text. The key length should be eight characters or less.

To define a DES key, perform this task in privileged mode:

Task	Command
Define a DES key for the switch.	set key config-key string

This example shows how to define a DES key and verify the configuration:

kerberos> (enable) set key config-key abcd 

Kerberos config key set to abcd

kerberos> (enable) show kerberos

Kerberos Local Realm:CISCO.COM 

Kerberos server entries:

Realm:CISCO.COM,  Server:170.20.2.1,  Port:750

Realm:CISCO.COM,  Server:172.20.2.1,  Port:750

Kerberos Domain<->Realm entries:

Domain:cisco.com,  Realm:CISCO.COM 

Kerberos Clients Mandatory

Kerberos Credentials Forwarding Disabled

Kerberos Pre Authentication Method set to Encrypted Unix Time Stamp

Kerberos config key:abcd

Kerberos SRVTAB Entries 

Srvtab Entry 1:host/aspen-niners.cisco.edu@CISCO.EDU 0 933974942 1 1 8 12151><88?=>>3>11

kerberos> (enable)

To clear the DES key, perform this task in privileged mode:

Task	Command
Clear a DES key from the switch.	clear key config-key string

This example shows how to clear the DES key:

Console> (enable) clear key config-key

Kerberos config key cleared 

Console> (enable)

Encrypting a Telnet Session

After a user authenticates to the switch using Kerberos and wants to Telnet to another switch or host, whether this will be a Kerberized Telnet depends on the authentication method that the Telnet server uses. If the Telnet server uses Kerberos for authentication, you can choose to have all the application data packets encrypted for the duration of the Telnet session. To encrypt the Telnet session, select the [encrypt kerberos] option in the telnet command.

To encrypt a Telnet session, perform this task:

Task	Command
Encrypt a Telnet session.	telnet [encrypt kerberos] host

This example shows how to configure a Telnet session for Kerberos authentication and encryption:

Console> (enable) telnet encrypt kerberos

Displaying and Clearing Kerberos Configurations

These commands can be used to display and clear Kerberos configurations on the switch:

•show kerberos

•show kerberos creds

•clear kerberos creds

To display Kerberos configuration information, perform this task in privileged mode:

Task	Command
Display Kerberos configuration information.	show kerberos

This example shows how to display Kerberos configuration information:

kerberos> (enable) show kerberos 

Kerberos Local Realm:CISCO.COM 

Kerberos server entries:

Realm:CISCO.COM,  Server:187.0.2.1,  Port:750

Realm:CISCO.COM,  Server:187.20.2.1,  Port:750

Kerberos Domain<->Realm entries:

Domain:cisco.com,  Realm:CISCO.COM 

Kerberos Clients NOT Mandatory

Kerberos Credentials Forwarding Enabled

Kerberos Pre Authentication Method set to None

Kerberos config key:

Kerberos SRVTAB Entries 

Srvtab Entry 1:host/niners.cisco.com@CISCO.COM 0 932423923 1 1 8 03;;5>00>50;0=0=0

Srvtab Entry 2:host/niners.cisco.edu@CISCO.EDU 0 933974942 1 1 8 00?58:127:223=:;9

kerberos> (enable) 

To display Kerberos credentials information, perform this task in privileged mode:

Task	Command
Display Kerberos credentials information.	show kerberos creds

This example shows how to display the Kerberos credentials:

Console> (enable) show kerberos creds

No Kerberos credentials.

Console> (enable) 

To clear all Kerberos credentials, perform this task in privileged mode:

Task	Command
Clear all credentials.	clear kerberos creds

This example shows how to clear all Kerberos credentials from the switch:

Console> (enable) clear kerberos creds   

Console> (enable)

Authentication Example

Figure 15-3 shows a simple network topology using TACACS+.

In this example, TACACS+ authentication is enabled and local authentication is disabled for both login and enable access to the switch for all Telnet connections. When Workstation A attempts to connect to the switch, the user is challenged for a TACACS+ username and password.

However, only local authentication is enabled for both login and enable access on the console port. Any user with access to the directly connected terminal can access the switch using the login and enable passwords.

Figure 15-3 TACACS+ Example Network Topology

This example shows how to configure the switch so that TACACS+ authentication is enabled for Telnet connections and local authentication is enabled for console connections. In addition, a TACACS+ encryption key is specified.

Console> (enable) show tacacs

Tacacs key: 

Tacacs login attempts: 3

Tacacs timeout: 5 seconds

Tacacs direct request: disabled

Tacacs-Server                              Status

----------------------------------------   -------

Console> (enable) set tacacs server 172.20.52.10

172.20.52.10 added to TACACS server table as primary server.

Console> (enable) set tacacs key tintin_et_milou 

The tacacs key has been set to tintin_et_milou.

Console> (enable) set authentication login tacacs enable telnet

tacacs login authentication set to enable for telnet session.

Console> (enable) set authentication enable tacacs enable telnet

tacacs enable authentication set to enable for telnet session.

Console> (enable) set authentication login local disable telnet 

local login authentication set to disable for telnet session.

Console> (enable) set authentication enable local disable telnet

local enable authentication set to disable for telnet session.

Console> (enable) show tacacs

Tacacs key: tintin_et_milou

Tacacs login attempts: 3

Tacacs timeout: 5 seconds

Tacacs direct request: disabled

Tacacs-Server                              Status

----------------------------------------   -------

172.20.52.10                               primary

Console> (enable)

Understanding Authorization Methods

These sections describe how authorization works:

•Authorization Overview

•Authorization Events

•TACACS+ Primary Options and Fallback Options

•TACACS+ Command Authorization

•RADIUS Authorization

Authorization Overview

Your switch supports TACACS+ and RADIUS authorization to control access to the switch. Authorization limits access to specified users using a dynamically applied access list (or user profile) based on the username and password pair. The access list resides on the host running the TACACS+ or RADIUS server. The server responds to the user password information with an accept and an access list number that causes the specific list to be applied.

Authorization Events

You can enable TACACS+ authorization for the following:

•Commands—When the authorization feature is enabled for commands, the user must supply a valid username and password pair to execute certain commands. You can require authorization for all commands or for configuration (enable mode) commands only. When a user issues a command, the authorization server receives the command and user information and compares it against an access list. If the user is authorized to issue that command, the command is executed; otherwise, the command is not executed.

•Exec mode (normal login)—When the authorization feature is enabled for exec mode, the user must supply a valid username and password pair to gain access to exec mode. Authorization is required only if you have enabled the authorization feature.

•Enable mode (privileged login)—When the authorization feature is enabled for enable mode, the user must supply a valid username and password pair to gain access to enable mode. Authorization is required only if you have enabled the authorization feature for enable mode.

TACACS+ Primary Options and Fallback Options

You can specify the primary option and fallback option used in the authorization process. Available options and fallback options include:

•tacacs+—If you have been authenticated, and there is no response from the TACACS+ server, then authorization will succeed immediately.

•deny—Deny is strictly a fallback option. Authorization will fail if the TACACS+ server fails to respond. This is the default behavior.

•if-authenticated—If you have been authenticated, and there is no response from the TACACS+ server, then authorization will succeed immediately.

•none—Authorization will succeed if the TACACS+ server does not respond.

TACACS+ Command Authorization

You can require authorization for all commands or for configuration (enable mode) commands only. Configuration commands include the following:

•copy

•clear

•commit

•configure

•delete

•download

•format

•reload

•rollback

•session

•set

•squeeze

•switch

•undelete

The following TACACS+ authorization process occurs for every command that you enter:

•If you have disabled the command authorization feature, the TACACS+ server will allow you to execute any command on the switch.

•If you have enabled authorization for configuration commands only, the switch will verify that the argument string matches one of the commands listed above. If there is no match, the switch completes the command. If there is a match, the switch forwards the command to the NAS for authorization.

•If you have enabled authorization for all commands, the switch forwards the command to the NAS for authorization.

RADIUS Authorization

RADUIS has limited authorization. There is one attribute, Service-Type, in the authentication protocol that provides authorization information. This attribute is part of the user-profile.

When you login using RADIUS authentication and you do not have Administrative/Shell (6) Service-Type access, the NAS authenticates you and logs you in to exec mode if authentication succeeds. If you have Administrative/Shell (6) Service-Type access, the NAS authenticates you and logs you in to privileged mode if authentication succeeds.

Configuring Authorization

These sections describe how to configure authorization:

•TACACS+ Authorization Default Configuration

•TACACS+ Authorization Configuration Guidelines

•Configuring TACACS+ Authorization

TACACS+ Authorization Default Configuration

Table 15-3 shows the TACACS+ default authorization configuration.

Table 15-3 Default Authorization Configuration 

Feature	Default Value
TACACS+ login authorization (console and Telnet)	Disabled
TACACS+ exec authorization (console and Telnet)	Disabled
TACACS+ enable authorization (console and Telnet)	Disabled
TACACS+ commands authorization (console and Telnet)	Disabled

TACACS+ Authorization Configuration Guidelines

These guidelines apply when configuring TACACS+ authorization on the switch:

•TACACS+ authorization is disabled by default.

•Authorization configuration applies to console connections, Telnet connections, or both types of connections.

•You must specify the mode, option, fallback option, and connection type when enabling authorization.

•Configure RADIUS and TACACS+ servers before enabling authorization. See the "Specifying TACACS+ Servers" section, or the "Specifying RADIUS Servers" section, for more information on server setup.

•Configure RADIUS and TACACS+ keys to encrypt protocol packets before enabling authorization. See the "Specifying the TACACS+ Key" section, or the "Specifying the RADIUS Key" section, for more information on the key setup.

Configuring TACACS+ Authorization

These sections describe how to configure TACACS+ authorization on the switch.

•Enabling TACACS+ Authorization

•Disabling TACACS+ Authorization

Enabling TACACS+ Authorization

To enable TACACS+ authorization on the switch, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Enable authorization for normal mode. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to enable authorization only for console port or Telnet connection attempts. Use the both keyword to enable authorization for both console port and Telnet connection attempts.	set authorization exec enable {option}{fallbackoption} [console | telnet | both]
Step 2	Enable authorization for enable mode. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to enable authorization only for console port or Telnet connection attempts. Use the both keyword to enable authorization for both console port and Telnet connection attempts.	set authorization enable enable {option} {fallbackoption} [console | telnet | both]
Step 3	Enable authorization of configuration commands. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to enable authorization only for console port or Telnet connection attempts. Use the both keyword to enable authorization for both console port and Telnet connection attempts.	set authorization commands enable {config | all} [option}{fallbackoption] [console | telnet | both]
Step 4	Verify the TACACS+ authorization configuration.	show authorization

This example shows how to enable TACACS+ exec mode authorization for both console and Telnet connections. Authorization is configured with the tacacs+ option. The fallback option is deny:

Console> (enable) set authorization exec enable tacacs+ deny both

Successfully enabled enable authorization.

Console>

This example shows how to enable TACACS+ enable mode authorization for console and Telnet connections. Authorization is configured with the tacacs+ option. The fallback option is deny:

Console> (enable) set authorization enable enable tacacs+ deny both

Successfully enabled enable authorization.

Console>

This example shows how to enable TACACS+ command authorization for both console and Telnet connections. Authorization is configured with the tacacs+ option. The fallback option is deny:

Console> (enable) set authorization commands enable config tacacs+ deny both

Successfully enabled commands authorization.

Console> (enable) 

This example shows how to verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) show authorization

Telnet:

-------

            Primary   Fallback

            -------   --------

exec:       tacacs+    deny

enable:     tacacs+    deny

commands:   

 config:    tacacs+    deny

 all:       -         -

Console:

--------

            Primary   Fallback

            -------   --------

exec:       tacacs+    deny

enable:     tacacs+    deny

commands:   

 config:    tacacs+    deny

 all:       -         -

Console> (enable) 

Disabling TACACS+ Authorization

To disable TACACS+ authorization on the switch, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Disable authorization for normal mode. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to disable authorization only for console port or Telnet connection attempts. Use the both keyword to enable authorization for both console port and Telnet connection attempts.	set authorization exec disable [console | telnet | both]
Step 2	Disable authorization for enable mode. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to disable authorization only for console port or Telnet connection attempts. Use the both keyword to enable authorization for both console port and Telnet connection attempts.	set authorization enable disable [console | telnet | both]
Step 3	Disable authorization of configuration commands. Use the console or telnet keywords if you want to disable authorization only for console port or Telnet connection attempts. Use the both keyword to enable authorization for both console port and Telnet connection attempts.	set authorization commands disable [console | telnet | both]
Step 4	Verify the TACACS+ authorization configuration.	show authorization

This example shows how to disable TACACS+ exec mode authorization for both console and Telnet connections and how to verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set authorization exec disable both

Successfully disabled enable authorization.

Console> (enable) 

This example shows how to disable TACACS+ enable mode authorization for both console and Telnet connections and how to verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set authorization enable disable both

Successfully disabled enable authorization.

Console> (enable) 

This example shows how to disable TACACS+ command authorization for both console and Telnet connections and how to verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set authorization commands disable both

Successfully disabled commands authorization.

Console> (enable) 

This example shows how to verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) show authorization

Telnet:

-------

            Primary   Fallback

            -------   --------

exec:       tacacs+    deny

enable:     tacacs+    deny

commands:   

 config:    tacacs+    deny

 all:       -         -

Console:

--------

            Primary   Fallback

            -------   --------

exec:       tacacs+    deny

enable:     tacacs+    deny

commands:   

 config:    tacacs+    deny

 all:       -         -

Console> (enable) 

Authorization Example

Figure 15-3 shows a simple network topology using TACACS+.

In this example, TACACS+ authorization is enabled for enable mode access to the switch for both Telnet and console connections, authorizing configuration commands. When Workstation A initiates a command on the switch, the switch registers a request with the TACACS+ daemon. The TACACS+ daemon determines if the user is authorized to use the feature and sends a response either executing the command or denying access.

Console> (enable) set authorization enable enable tacacs+ deny both

Successfully enabled enable authorization.

Console> (enable) set authorization commands enable config tacacs+ deny both

Successfully enabled commands authorization.

Console> (enable) show authorization

Telnet:

-------

            Primary   Fallback

            -------   --------

exec:       tacacs+    deny

enable:     tacacs+    deny

commands:   

 config:    tacacs+    deny

 all:       -         -

Console:

--------

            Primary   Fallback

            -------   --------

exec:       tacacs+    deny

enable:     tacacs+    deny

commands:   

 config:    tacacs+    deny

 all:       -         -

Console> (enable) 

Understanding Accounting Methods

These sections describe how the different accounting methods work:

•Accounting Overview

•Accounting Events

•Specifying When to Create Accounting Records

•Specifying RADIUS Servers

•Updating the Server

•Suppressing Accounting

Accounting Overview

You can configure these accounting methods to monitor access to the switch:

•TACACS+ accounting

•RADIUS accounting

Accounting allows you to track user activity to a specified host, suspicious connection attempts in the network, and unauthorized changes to the NAS configuration itself. The accounting information is sent to the accounting server where it is saved in the form of a record. Accounting information typically consists of the user's action and the duration for which the action lasted. You can use the accounting feature for security, billing, and resource allocation purposes.

The accounting protocol operates in a client-server model, using TCP for transport. The NAS acts as the client and the accounting server acts as the daemon. The NAS sends accounting information to the server. The server, after successfully processing the information, sends a response to the NAS, acknowledging the request. All transactions between the NAS and server are authenticated using a key.

Once accounting has been enabled and an accountable event occurs on the system, the accounting information is gathered dynamically in memory. When the event ends, an accounting record is created and sent to the NAS, and then the system deletes the record from memory. The amount of memory used by the NAS for accounting varies depending on the number of concurrent accountable events.

Accounting Events

You can configure accounting for the following types of events:

•Exec mode accounting—Provides information about user exec sessions (normal login sessions) on the NAS. This information includes the duration of the exec session but does not include traffic statistics.

•Connect accounting—Provides information about all outbound connections from the NAS (such as Telnet, rlogin).

---

Note If you get a connection immediately upon login and then your connection is terminated, the exec and connect events will overlap and will have almost identical start and stop times.

---

•System accounting—Provides information on system events not related to users. This information includes system reset, system boot, and user configuration of accounting.

•Command accounting—Sends a record for each command issued by the user. This permits audit trail information to be gathered.

Specifying When to Create Accounting Records

You configure the switch to gather accounting information to create records. When Accounting is configured (using the set accounting command), the switch can generate two types of records:

•Start records—Include partial information of the event (when the event started, type of service, and traffic statistics).

•Stop records—Include complete information of the event (when the event started, its duration, type of service, and traffic statistics).

Accounting records are created and sent to the server at two events:

•Start-stop—Accounting records are sent at both the start and stop of an action, if the action has duration. If the NAS fails to send the accounting record at the start of the action, it still allows you to proceed with the action.

•Stop-only—Accounting records are sent only at the termination of the event. Commands are assumed to have zero duration, so only stop records are generated for command accounting. No users are associated with system events; therefore, the start-stop option in the set accounting system command is ignored for system events.

---

Note Stop records include complete information of the event (when the event started, its duration, and traffic statistics). However, you might want redundancy and, therefore, may monitor both start and stop records of events occurring on the NAS.

---

Specifying RADIUS Servers

To specify one or more RADIUS servers, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Specify the IP address of up to three RADIUS servers. Specify the primary server using the primary keyword. Optionally, specify the destination UDP port to use on the server.	set radius server ip_addr [acct-port port_number] [primary]
Step 2	Verify the RADIUS server configuration.	show radius

This example shows how to specify a RADIUS server and verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) set radius server 172.20.52.3

172.20.52.3 with auth-port 1812 added to radius server table as primary server.

Console> (enable) show radius

Login Authentication:  Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------  ----------------  ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Enable Authentication: Console Session   Telnet Session

---------------------- ----------------- ----------------

tacacs                 disabled          disabled        

radius                 disabled          disabled        

local                  enabled(primary)  enabled(primary)

Radius Deadtime:              0 minutes

Radius Key:                   

Radius Retransmit:            2

Radius Timeout:               5 seconds

Radius-Server                 Status   Auth-port

----------------------------- -------  ------------

172.20.52.3                   primary  1812

Console> (enable)

Updating the Server

You can configure the switch to send accounting information to the TACACS+ server. There are two options:

•Newinfo—Sends accounting information to the server only when new accounting information becomes available.

•Periodic—Sends accounting update records at regular intervals. This option could be used to keep up-to-date connection and session information even if the NAS restarts and loses the initial start time. You must set a time lapse between periodic updates. Valid interals are from 1 to 71,582 minutes.

Suppressing Accounting

You can configure the system to suppress accounting when an unknown user with no username accesses the switch by using the set accounting suppress null-username enable command.

---

Note RADIUS and TACACS+ accounting are the same, except that RADIUS does not do command accounting, periodic updates, or allow null-username suppression.

---

Configuring Accounting

These sections describe how to configure accounting for both TACACS+ and RADIUS:

•Accounting Default Configuration

•Accounting Configuration Guidelines

•Configuring Accounting

Accounting Default Configuration

Table 15-4 shows the default accounting configuration.

Table 15-4 Accounting Default Configuration 

Feature	Default Value
Accounting	Disabled
Accounting events (exec, system, commands, and connect)	Disabled
Accounting records	Stop-only

Accounting Configuration Guidelines

These guidelines apply when configuring accounting on the switch:

•Configure RADIUS and TACACS+ servers before enabling accounting. See the "Specifying TACACS+ Servers" section, or the "Specifying RADIUS Servers" section, for more information on server setup.

•Configure RADIUS and TACACS+ keys to encrypt protocol packets before enabling accounting. See the "Specifying the TACACS+ Key" section, or the "Specifying the RADIUS Key" section, for more information on the key setup.

---

Note The amount of DRAM allocated for one accounting event is approximately 500 bytes. The total amount of DRAM used by accounting will depend on the number of concurrent accountable events occurring in the system.

---

Configuring Accounting

These sections describe how to configure RADIUS and TACACS+ accounting on the switch:

•Enabling Accounting

•Disabling Accounting

Enabling Accounting

To enable RADIUS accounting on the switch, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Enable accounting for connection events.	set accounting connect enable {start-stop | stop-only} {tacacs+ | radius}
Step 2	Enable accounting for exec mode.	set accounting exec enable {start-stop | stop-only} {tacacs+ | radius}
Step 3	Enable accounting for system events.	set accounting system enable {start-stop | stop-only} {tacacs+ | radius}
Step 4	Enable accounting of configuration commands.	set accounting commands enable {config | all} {stop-only} tacacs+
Step 5	Enable suppression of information for unknown users.	set accounting suppress null-username enable
Step 6	Configure accounting to be updated as new information is available.	set accounting update {new-info | {periodic [interval]}}
Step 7	Verify the accounting configuration.	show accounting

This example shows how to enable stop-only TACACS+ accounting events:

Console> (enable) set accounting connect enable stop-only tacacs+

Accounting set to enable for connect events in stop-only mode.

Console> (enable) 

Console> (enable) set accounting exec enable stop-only tacacs+   

Accounting set to enable for exec events in stop-only mode.

Console> (enable) 

Console> (enable) set accounting system enable stop-only tacacs+

Accounting set to enable for system events in stop-only mode.

Console> (enable) 

Console> (enable) set accounting commands enable all stop-only tacacs+

Accounting set to enable for commands-all events in stop-only mode.

Console> (enable) 

This example shows how to suppress accounting of unknown users:

Console> (enable) set accounting suppress null-username enable        

Accounting will be suppressed for user with no username.

Console> (enable) 

This example shows how to periodically update the server:

Console> (enable) set accounting update periodic 120          

Accounting updates will be periodic at 120 minute intervals.

Console> (enable) 

This example shows how to verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) show accounting

Event     Method  Mode       

-----     ------- ----       

exec:     tacacs+ stop-only  

connect:  tacacs+ stop-only  

system:   tacacs+ stop-only  

commands:

config:   -       -          

all:      tacacs+ stop-only  

TACACS+ Suppress for no username: enabled

Update Frequency: periodic, Interval = 120

Accounting information:

-----------------------

Active Accounted actions on tty0, User (null) Priv 0

Active Accounted actions on tty288091924, User (null) Priv 0

Overall Accounting Traffic:

          Starts   Stops  Active

          -----    -----  ------

Exec           0       0       0

Connect        0       0       0

Command        0       0       0

System         1       0       0

Console> (enable) 

Disabling Accounting

To disable RADIUS accounting on the switch, perform this task in privileged mode:

	Task	Command
Step 1	Disable accounting for connection events.	set accounting connect disable
Step 2	Disable accounting for exec mode.	set accounting exec disable
Step 3	Disable accounting for system events.	set accounting system disable
Step 4	Disable accounting of configuration commands.	set accounting commands disable
Step 5	Disable suppression of information for unknown users.	set accounting suppress null-username disable
Step 6	Verify the accounting configuration.	show accounting

This example shows how to disable stop-only accounting:

Console> (enable) set accounting connect disable     

Accounting set to disable for connect events.

Console> (enable)

Console> (enable) set accounting exec disable

Accounting set to disable for exec events.

Console> (enable)

Console> (enable) set accounting system disable

Accounting set to disable for system events.

Console> (enable)

Console> (enable) set accounting commands disable

Accounting set to disable for commands-all events.

Console> (enable)

This example shows how to disable suppression of unknown users:

Console> (enable) set accounting suppress null-username disable

Accounting will be not be suppressed for user with no username.

Console> (enable)

This example shows how to verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) show accounting

Event     Method  Mode       

-----     ------- ----       

exec:     -       -          

connect:  -       -          

system:   -       -          

commands:

config:   -       -          

all:      -       -          

TACACS+ Suppress for no username: disabled

Update Frequency: new-info

Accounting information:

-----------------------

Active Accounted actions on tty0, User (null) Priv 0

Active Accounted actions on tty288091924, User (null) Priv 0

Overall Accounting Traffic:

          Starts   Stops  Active

          -----    -----  ------

Exec           0       0       0

Connect        0       0       0

Command        0       0       0

System         1       2       0

Console> (enable) 

Accounting Example

Figure 15-3 shows a simple network topology using TACACS+.

In this example, TACACS+ accounting is enabled for connection, exec, system, and all command accounting. Accounting information is gathered at the conclusion of the event. Accounting is suspended for unknown users and the system is updated periodically every 120 minutes.

When Workstation A initiates an accountable event on the switch, the switch gathers event information and forwards the information to the server at the conclusion of the event.

Console> (enable) set accounting connect enable stop-only tacacs+

Accounting set to enable for connect events in stop-only mode.

Console> (enable) set accounting exec enable stop-only tacacs+   

Accounting set to enable for exec events in stop-only mode.

Console> (enable) set accounting commands enable all stop-only tacacs+

Accounting set to enable for commands-all events in stop-only mode.

Console> (enable) set accounting update periodic 120          

Accounting updates will be periodic at 120 minute intervals.

Console> (enable) show accounting

Event     Method  Mode       

-----     ------- ----       

exec:     tacacs+ stop-only  

connect:  tacacs+ stop-only  

system:   tacacs+ stop-only  

commands:

config:   -       -          

all:      tacacs+ stop-only  

TACACS+ Suppress for no username: enabled

Update Frequency: periodic, Interval = 120

Accounting information:

-----------------------

Active Accounted actions on tty0, User (null) Priv 0

Active Accounted actions on tty288091924, User (null) Priv 0

Overall Accounting Traffic:

          Starts   Stops  Active

          -----    -----  ------

Exec           0       0       0

Connect        0       0       0

Command        0       0       0

System         1       0       0

Console> (enable)