Table Of Contents

Physical Technologies

Technology Description

SONET/SDH

POS

DSx

Inventory and Information Model Objects (IMOs)

SONET/SDH Physical

Digital Signalling 0 Bundle Interface

Digital Signalling 1 Physical

Digital Signalling 3 Physical

Serial Interface

Network Topology

Service Alarms

Physical Technologies

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This chapter describes the level of support that Cisco ANA provides for physical technologies, as follows:

•Technology Description

•Inventory and Information Model Objects (IMOs)

•Network Topology

•Service Alarms

Technology Description

SONET/SDH

Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) were originally standardized for connecting one fiber system to another at the optical level in order to form a single international standard for fiber interconnects between telephone networks of different countries. Today it is a widely-deployed, mature enabling technology used in providing high-speed, large-scale IP networks. It combines high bandwidth capacity with efficient link utilization, making it a major building block for accommodating fast growing IP infrastructure both in the core and at the edge.

SONET/SDH can handle a variety of transmission rates and applications by defining a synchronous, flexible, optical hierarchy for carrying many signals of different capacities. This is accomplished using a byte-interleaved multiplexing scheme, which simplifies multiplexing and offers end-to-end network management. It is a layered protocol that defines four separate layers — Photonic, Section, Line and Path — within the OSI Physical Layer (Layer 1).

SONET/SDH networks consist of Path Terminating Elements (PTE), which represent the Physical Layer Interfaces as well as Add/Drop Multiplexers (ADM) or Digital Cross Connect Systems (DCS), and Regenerators interconnected by point-to-point SONET/SDH links called Sections. These are fundamentally connection-oriented, which means that a Virtual Channel (VC) must be set up across the SONET/SDH network prior to any data transfer.

POS

Packet over SONET/SDH (PoS) is a Data Link (Layer 2) technology that uses PPP (RFC 1661) in HDLC-like framing (RFC 1662) encapsulation over SONET/SDH framing. The POS interface supports SONET/SDH level alarm processing, performance monitoring, synchronization, and protection switching, which enables seamless interoperation with existing SONET infrastructures and provides the capability to migrate to IP+Optical networks without the need for legacy SONET infrastructures.

DSx

Digital Signals (DSx) Hierarchy refers to the rate and format of digital telecommunication circuits, as part of the North American Digital Hierarchy. DS is related to the T designations; however, DS refers to multiplexing techniques while the T designations refer to the underlying equipment and signalling.

There are various DS levels: DS0/Fractional T1 (64Kbps), which represents a single voice telephone call; DS1/T1 (1.544Mbps), which defines how to multiplex 24 DS0, DS2/T2 (6.312Mbps); and DS3/T3 (44.736Mbps), which defines how to multiplex 4 and 28 DS1, respectively, onto the same circuit.

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Note These Physical Technologies are supported only in so far as the underlying Physical Layer is supported in conjunction with other Data Link technology layers, such as ATM and Packet Over SONET/SDH (POS).

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Inventory and Information Model Objects (IMOs)

This section describes the following IMOs:

•SONET/SDH Physical (ISonetSdh)

•Digital Signalling 0 Bundle Interface (IDS0Bundle)

•Digital Signalling 1 Physical (IDS1Pdh)

•Digital Signaling 3 Physical (IDS3Pdh)

•Serial Interface (IPhysicalLayer)

SONET/SDH Physical

The Physical layer SONET/SDH object is bound by its Containing Termination Points attribute to a Port Connector object. It is accessed primarily by the Data Link layer object, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Frame Relay (FR) interfaces, as well as the Packet Over SONET/SDH (POS) interface (implemented using Point To Point Protocol Encapsulation), bound by its Contained Connection Termination Points attribute.

Table 11-1 SONET/SDH Physical (ISonetSdh)  

Attribute Name	Attribute Description	Scheme	Polling Interval
Specific Type	Specific type (Null, SONET/SDH Mux, OC3, OC12, OC24, OC48, OC192, STM1, STM4, STM16, STM64)	Product	Configuration
Loop Back Type	Loop back type (Null, Cell, Payload, Diag, Line, None, Other, Path, Metalic, Non Metalic, Serial, Parallel, Local, Internal, Network, Inward, Dual, Remote, Inbound Local, No Loop, Facility Loop, Terminal Loop, Other Loop)	Product	Configuration
Scrambling Mode	Scrambling mode (Null, On, Off, Payload, Frame, Payload and Frame)	Product	Configuration
Same as Physical Layer (IPhysicalLayer)

Digital Signalling 0 Bundle Interface

The Data Link layer Digital Signalling 0 Bundle Interface object is bound by its Containing Termination Points attribute to either Digital Signalling 1 Physical or Digital Signalling 3 Physical Layer objects. It is accessed primarily by the Data Link layer object, such as the ATM Interface and the Frame Relay Interface, bound by its Contained Connection Termination Points attribute.

Table 11-2 Digital Signalling 0 Bundle Interface (IDS0Bundle)

Attribute Name	Attribute Description	Scheme	Polling Interval
Bundled Time Slots	Bundled time slots (DS1 channels)	Product	Configuration
Bundle Location	Bundle location/index	Product	Configuration
IANA Type	IANA type of the sublayer	N/A	N/A
Containing Termination Points	Underlying termination points (connection or physical)	Product	N/A
Contained Connection Termination Points	Bound Connection Termination Points	Product	N/A

Digital Signalling 1 Physical

The Physical layer Digital Signalling 1 Physical and Digital Signalling 3 Physical objects are bound by their Containing Termination Points attribute to a Port Connector object. It is accessed primarily by the Data Link layer object, such as the ATM Interface, Frame Relay Interface and Digital Signalling 0 Bundle Interface, bound by its Contained Connection Termination Points attribute.

Table 11-3 Digital Signalling 1 Physical (IDS1Pdh) 

Attribute Name	Attribute Description	Scheme	Polling Interval
Framing Type	Framing type (Null, OTHER, ESF, ANSI ESFf, D4, E1, E1 CRC, E1 MF, E1 CRC MF, UNFRAMED, E1 UNFRAMED, DS2 M12, E2, E1 Q50, E1 Q50 CRC, ANSI SF, E1 CAS CRC4, E1 CAS No CRC4, E1 No CAS CRC4, E1 No CAS No CRC4, E1 Unstructured, T1 Unstructured, CLEAR CHANNEL)	Product	Configuration
Cell Mapping Type	Cell mapping type (Null, PLCP, HEC, HCS, Direct, ADM)	Product	Configuration
Loop Back Type	Loop back type (Null, Cell, Payload, Diag, Line, None, Other, Path, Metalic, Non Metalic, Serial, Parallel, Local, Internal, Network, Inward, Dual, Remote, Inbound Local, No Loop)	Product	Configuration
Scrambling Mode	Scrambling mode (Null, On, Off)	Product	Configuration
Same as Physical Layer (IPhysicalLayer)

Digital Signalling 3 Physical

Table 11-4 Digital Signaling 3 Physical (IDS3Pdh)

Attribute Name	Attribute Description	Scheme	Polling Interval
Framing Type	Framing type (Null, Other, M23, SYNTRAN, CBIT, Clear Channel, E3 Other, E3 Framed, Unframed, E3 Unframed, ITU-T G.804, ITU-T G.832, M13)	Product	Configuration
Cell Mapping Type	Cell mapping type (Null, PLCP, HEC, HCS, Direct, ADM)	Product	Configuration
Loop Back Type	Loop back type (Null, Cell, Payload, Diag, Line, None, Other, Path, Metalic, Non Metalic, Serial, Parallel, Local, Internal, Network, Inward, Dual, Remote, Inbound Local, No Loop)	Product	Configuration
Scrambling Mode	Scrambling mode (Null, On, Off)	Product	Configuration
Same as Physical Layer (IPhysicalLayer)

Serial Interface

Physical layer Serial Interface objects are bound by their Containing Termination Points attribute to a Port Connector object. They are accessed primarily by the Data Link layer object, such as the Point To Point Protocol Encapsulation (PPP) Interface, bound by its Contained Connection Termination Points attribute.

Table 11-5 Serial Interface (IPhysicalLayer)

Attribute Name	Attribute Description	Scheme	Polling Interval
Same as Physical Layer (IPhysicalLayer)

Network Topology

Cisco ANA does not support discovery of Synchronous Optical NETwork/Digital Hierarchy (SONET/SDH) and Digital Signals (DSx) hierarchy physical layer topology. This topology is manually (statically) configured by the system administrator.

However, it is used in conjunction with the Data Link layer above it, such as ATM, for discovering its physical topology, while further verifying it by matching the traffic signature of these ports using Cisco's confidential scheme, which requires a substantial amount of traffic in order to function correctly.

Service Alarms

The following alarms are supported for this technology:

•Discard Input Packets/Normal Discard Input Packets

•Dropped Output Packets/Normal Dropped Output Packets

•Link Down/Link Up

•Port Down/Port Up

•Receive Utilization/Receive Utilization Normal

•Transmit Utilization/Transmit Utilization Normal

For detailed information about alarms and correlation, see the Cisco Active Network Abstraction 3.6.5 User Guide.