Table Of Contents
Implementing VoIP for IPv6
Finding Feature Information
Contents
Prerequisites for Implementing VoIP for IPv6
Restrictions for Implementing VoIP for IPv6
Information About Implementing VoIP for IPv6
SIP Voice Gateways in VoIPv6
Cisco Unified Border Element in VoIPv6
MTP Used with Voice Gateways in VoIPv6
How to Implement VoIP for IPv6
Configuring a SIP Voice Gateway for IPv6
Restrictions
Shutting Down or Enabling VoIPv6 Service on Cisco Gateways
Shutting Down or Enabling VoIPv6 Submodes on Cisco Gateways
Configuring the Protocol Mode of the SIP Stack
Configuring the Source IPv6 Address of Signaling and Media Packets
Configuring the SIP Server
Configuring the Session Target
Configuring SIP Register Support
Configuring Outbound Proxy Server Globally on a SIP Gateway
Verifying SIP Gateway Status
Configuring H.323 IPv4-to-SIPv6 Connections in a Cisco Unified Border Element
Prerequisites
Restrictions
Configuring MTP Used with Voice Gateways
Restrictions
Configuring MTP for IPv4-to-IPv6 Translation
Configuring RTCP Pass-Phrough and T.38 Fax Support on the Cisco UBE for IPv6
RTCP Pass-Through
Configuring T.38 Fax Globally
Configuring IPv6 Support for Cisco UBE
Verifying RTCP Pass-Through
Verifying T.38 Fax Configuration
Configuration Examples for Implementing VoIP over IPv6
Example: Configuring the SIP Trunk
Example: Configuring the Source IPv6 Address of Signaling and Media Packets
Example: Configuring the SIP Server
Example: Configuring the Session Target
Example: Configuring SIP Register Support
Example: Configuring H.323 IPv4 to SIPv6 Connections in a Cisco Unified Border Element
Example: Configuring MTP for IPv4-to-IPv6 Translation
Additional References
Related Documents
Standards
MIBs
RFCs
Technical Assistance
Feature Information for Implementing VoIP for IPv6
Implementing VoIP for IPv6
First Published: October 10, 2008
Last Updated: July 22, 2011
This document describes VoIP in IPv6 (VoIPv6), a feature that adds IPv6 capability to existing VoIP features. This feature adds dual-stack (IPv4 and IPv6) support on voice gateways and media termination points (MTPs), IPv6 support for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) trunks, and support for Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP)-controlled analog voice gateways. In addition, the Session Border Controller (SBC) functionality of connecting a SIP IPv4 or H.323 IPv4 network to a SIP IPv6 network is implemented on a Cisco Unified Border Element to facilitate migration from VoIPv4 to VoIPv6.
Finding Feature Information
Your software release may not support all the features documented in this module. For the latest feature information and caveats, see the release notes for your platform and software release. To find information about the features documented in this module, and to see a list of the releases in which each feature is supported, see the "Feature Information for Implementing VoIP for IPv6" section.
Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and Cisco software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.
Contents
•
Prerequisites for Implementing VoIP for IPv6
•
Restrictions for Implementing VoIP for IPv6
•
Information About Implementing VoIP for IPv6
•
How to Implement VoIP for IPv6
•
Configuring RTCP Pass-Phrough and T.38 Fax Support on the Cisco UBE for IPv6
•
Additional References
•
Feature Information for Implementing VoIP for IPv6
Prerequisites for Implementing VoIP for IPv6
•
This document assumes that you are familiar with IPv6 and IPv4. See the publications referenced in the "Additional References" section for IPv6 and IPv4 configuration and command reference information.
•
Perform basic IPv6 addressing and basic connectivity as described in Implementing IPv6 Addressing and Basic Connectivity.
•
Cisco Express Forwarding for IPv6 must be enabled.
•
Perform basic voice configurations as described in the Voice Configuration Library.
Restrictions for Implementing VoIP for IPv6
The following platforms are supported in Cisco IOS Release 12.4(22)T:
•
Integrated Services Routers (2801, 2821, 2851, 3825, 3845)
•
VG202/204 (Orbity)
•
VG224
•
IAD2430
•
AS5400XM
Information About Implementing VoIP for IPv6
•
SIP Voice Gateways in VoIPv6
•
Cisco Unified Border Element in VoIPv6
•
MTP Used with Voice Gateways in VoIPv6
SIP Voice Gateways in VoIPv6
SIP is a simple, ASCII-based protocol that uses requests and responses to establish communication among the various components in the network and to ultimately establish a conference between two or more endpoints.
For further information about this feature and information about configuring the SIP voice gateway for VoIPv6, see the "Configuring a SIP Voice Gateway for IPv6" section.
Cisco Unified Border Element in VoIPv6
The Cisco Unified Border Element feature adds IPv6 capability to existing VoIP features. This feature adds dual-stack support on voice gateways and MTP, IPv6 support for SIP trunks, and support for SCCP-controlled analog voice gateways. Real-time control protocol (RTCP) Pass-through and T.38 Fax over IPv6 have also been added to Cisco UBE. For more information on this feature, see the "Configuring RTCP Pass-through and T.38 Fax Support on Cisco UBE for IPv6" section on page 19
For further information about this feature and information about configuring the Cisco Unified Border Element in VoIPv6see the "Configuring H.323 IPv4-to-SIPv6 Connections in a Cisco Unified Border Element" section.
MTP Used with Voice Gateways in VoIPv6
Cisco IOS MTP trusted relay point (TRP) supports media interoperation between IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
For further information about this feature and information about configuring the SIP voice gateway for IPv6, see the "Configuring MTP Used with Voice Gateways" section.
How to Implement VoIP for IPv6
•
Configuring a SIP Voice Gateway for IPv6
•
Configuring H.323 IPv4-to-SIPv6 Connections in a Cisco Unified Border Element
•
Configuring MTP Used with Voice Gateways
•
Configuring RTCP Pass-Phrough and T.38 Fax Support on the Cisco UBE for IPv6
Configuring a SIP Voice Gateway for IPv6
SIP is a simple, ASCII-based protocol that uses requests and responses to establish communication among the various components in the network and to ultimately establish a conference between two or more endpoints.
Users in a SIP network are identified by unique SIP addresses. A SIP address is similar to an e-mail address and is in the format of sip:userID@gateway.com. The user ID can be either a username or an E.164 address. The gateway can be either a domain (with or without a hostname) or a specific Internet IPv4 or IPv6 address.
A SIP trunk can operate in one of three modes: SIP trunk in IPv4-only mode, SIP trunk in IPv6-only mode, and SIP trunk in dual-stack mode, which supports both IPv4 and IPv6.
A SIP trunk uses the Alternative Network Address Transport (ANAT) mechanism to exchange multiple IPv4 and IPv6 media addresses for the endpoints in a session. ANAT is automatically enabled on SIP trunks in dual-stack mode. The ANAT Session Description Protocol (SDP) grouping framework allows user agents (UAs) to include both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses in their SDP session descriptions. The UA is then able to use any of its media addresses to establish a media session with a remote UA.
A Cisco Unified Border Element can interoperate between H.323/SIP IPv4 and SIP IPv6 networks in media flow-through mode. In media flow-through mode, both signaling and media flows through the Cisco Unified Border Element, and the Cisco Unified Border Element performs both signaling and media interoperation between H.323/SIP IPv4 and SIP IPv6 networks (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 H.323/SIP IPv4—SIP IPv6 Interoperating in Media Flow-Through Mode
Perform the tasks in the following sections to configure a SIP voice gateway for IPv6:
•
Shutting Down or Enabling VoIPv6 Service on Cisco Gateways
•
Shutting Down or Enabling VoIPv6 Submodes on Cisco Gateways
•
Configuring the Protocol Mode of the SIP Stack
•
Configuring the Source IPv6 Address of Signaling and Media Packets
•
Configuring the SIP Server
•
Configuring SIP Register Support
•
Configuring Outbound Proxy Server Globally on a SIP Gateway
•
Verifying SIP Gateway Status
•
Configuring H.323 IPv4-to-SIPv6 Connections in a Cisco Unified Border Element
Restrictions
Virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) is not supported in IPv6 calls.
Shutting Down or Enabling VoIPv6 Service on Cisco Gateways
Perform this task to shut down or enable VoIPv6 service on Cisco gateways.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
voice service voip
4.
shutdown [forced]
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
voice service voip
Example:
Router(config)# voice service voip
|
Enters voice service VoIP configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
shutdown [forced]
Example:
Router(config-voi-serv)# shutdown forced
|
Shuts down or enables VoIP call services.
|
Shutting Down or Enabling VoIPv6 Submodes on Cisco Gateways
Perform this task to shut down or enable VoIPv6 submodes on Cisco gateways.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
voice service voip
4.
sip
5.
call service stop [forced] [maintain-registration]
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
voice service voip
Example:
Router(config)# voice service voip
|
Enters voice service VoIP configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
sip
Example:
Router(config-voi-serv)# sip
|
Enters SIP configuration mode.
|
Step 5
|
call service stop [forced]
[maintain-registration]
Example:
Router(config-serv-sip)# call service stop
|
Shuts down or enables VoIPv6 for the selected submode.
|
Configuring the Protocol Mode of the SIP Stack
Perform this task to configure the SIP stack's protocol mode.
Prerequisites
SIP service should be shut down before configuring the protocol mode. After configuring the protocol mode as IPv6, IPv4, or dual-stack, SIP service should be reenabled.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
sip-ua
4.
protocol mode {ipv4 | ipv6 | dual-stack [preference {ipv4 | ipv6}]}
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
sip-ua
Example:
Router(config)# sip-ua
|
Enters SIP user agent configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
protocol mode {ipv4 | ipv6 | dual-stack
[preference {ipv4 | ipv6}]}
Example:
Router(config-sip-ua)# protocol mode dual-stack
|
Configures the Cisco IOS SIP stack in dual-stack mode.
|
Disabling ANAT Mode
ANAT is automatically enabled on SIP trunks in dual-stack mode. Perform this task to disable ANAT in order to use a single-stack mode.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
voice service voip
4.
sip
5.
no anat
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
voice service voip
Example:
Router(config)# voice service voip
|
Enters voice service VoIP configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
sip
Example:
Router(config-voi-serv)# sip
|
Enters SIP configuration mode.
|
Step 5
|
no anat
Example:
router(conf-serv-sip)# no anat
|
Disables ANAT on a SIP trunk.
|
Configuring the Source IPv6 Address of Signaling and Media Packets
Users can configure the source IPv4 or IPv6 address of signaling and media packets to a specific interface's IPv4 or IPv6 address. Thus, the address that goes out on the packet is bound to the IPv4 or IPv6 address of the interface specified with the bind command.
The bind command also can be configured with one IPv6 address to force the gateway to use the configured address when the bind interface has multiple IPv6 addresses. The bind interface should have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to send out ANAT.
When you do not specify a bind address or if the interface is down, the IP layer still provides the best local address.
Perform this task to configure the source IPv6 address of signaling and media packets.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
voice service voip
4.
sip
5.
bind {control | media | all} source-interface interface-id [ipv6-address ipv6-address]
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
voice service voip
Example:
Router(config)# voice service voip
|
Enters voice service VoIP configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
sip
Example:
Router(config-voi-serv)# sip
|
Enters SIP configuration mode.
|
Step 5
|
bind {control | media | all} source-interface
interface-id [ipv6-address ipv6-address]
Example:
Router(config-serv-sip)# bind control source-
interface FastEthernet0/0
|
Binds the source address for signaling and media packets to the IPv6 address of a specific interface.
|
Configuring the SIP Server
Perform this task to configure a SIP server.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
sip-ua
4.
sip-server {dns:[host-name] | ipv4:ipv4-address | ipv6:[ipv6-address][:port-num]}
5.
keepalive target {{ipv4:address | ipv6:address} | [:port] | dns:hostname} [tcp [tls]] | udp] [secondary]
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
sip-ua
Example:
Router(config)# sip-ua
|
Enters SIP user agent configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
sip-server {dns:[host-name] | ipv4:ipv4-address
| ipv6:[ipv6-address]:[port-nums]}
Example:
Router(config-sip-ua)# sip-server
ipv6:[2001:DB8:0:0:8:800:200C:417A]
|
Configures a network address for the SIP server interface.
|
Step 5
|
keepalive target {{ipv4:address |
ipv6:address}[:port] | dns:hostname} [tcp
[tls]] | udp] [secondary]
Example:
Router(config-sip-ua)# keepalive target
ipv6:[2001:DB8:0:0:8:800:200C:417A]
|
Identifies SIP servers that will receive keepalive packets from the SIP gateway.
|
Configuring the Session Target
Perform this task to configure the session target.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
dial-peer voice tag {mmoip | pots | vofr | voip}
4.
destination-pattern [+]string[T]
5.
session target {ipv4:destination-address | ipv6:[destination-address] | dns:[$s$. | $d$. | $e$. | $u$.] host-name | enum:table-num | loopback:rtp | ras | sip-server} [:port]
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
dial-peer voice tag {mmoip | pots | vofr |
voip}
Example:
Router(config)# dial-peer voice 29 voip
|
Defines a particular dial peer, specifies the method of voice encapsulation, and enters dial peer configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
destination-pattern [+]string[T]
Example:
Router(config-dial-peer)# destination-pattern
7777
|
Specifies either the prefix or the full E.164 telephone number to be used for a dial peer.
|
Step 5
|
session target {ipv4:destination-address |
ipv6:[destination-address] | dns:[$s$. | $d$. |
$e$. | $u$.] host-name | enum:table-num |
loopback:rtp | ras | sip-server} [:port]
Example:
Router(config-dial-peer)# session target
[ipv6:2001:DB8:0:0:8:800:200C:417A]
|
Designates a network-specific address to receive calls from a VoIP or VoIPv6 dial peer.
|
Configuring SIP Register Support
Perform this task to configure SIP register support.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
sip-ua
4.
registrar {dns:address | ipv4:destination-address [:port] | ipv6:destination-address[:port]} aor-domain expires seconds [tcp [tls]] type [secondary] [scheme string]
5.
retry register retries
6.
timers register milliseconds
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
sip-ua
Example:
Router(config)# sip-ua
|
Enters SIP user agent configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
registrar {dns:address |
ipv4:destination-address [:port] |
ipv6:destination-address[:port]} aor-domain
expires seconds [tcp [tls]] type [secondary]
[scheme string]
Example:
Router(config-sip-ua)# registrar
ipv6:[2001:DB8::1:20F:F7FF:FE0B:2972] expires
3600 secondary
|
Enables SIP gateways to register E.164 numbers on behalf of analog telephone voice ports, IP phone virtual voice ports, and SCCP phones with an external SIP proxy or SIP registrar.
|
Step 5
|
retry register retries
Example:
Router(config-sip-ua)# retry register 10
|
Configures the total number of SIP register messages that the gateway should send.
|
Step 6
|
timers register milliseconds
Example:
Router(config-sip-ua)# timers register 500
|
Configures how long the SIP UA waits before sending register requests.
|
Configuring Outbound Proxy Server Globally on a SIP Gateway
Perform this task to configure an outbound-proxy server globally on a SIP gateway.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
voice service voip
4.
sip
5.
outbound-proxy {ipv4:ipv4-address | ipv6:[ipv6-address] | dns:host:domain} [:port-number]
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
voice service voip
Example:
Router(config)# voice service voip
|
Enters voice service VoIP configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
sip
Example:
Router(config-voi-serv)# sip
|
Enters sip configuration mode.
|
Step 5
|
outbound-proxy {ipv4:ipv4-address |
ipv6:ipv6-address | dns:host:domain}
[:port-number]
Example:
Router(config-serv-sip)# outbound-proxy ipv6
[2001:DB8:0:0:8:800:200C:417A]
|
Specifies the SIP outbound proxy globally for a Cisco IOS voice gateway using an IPv6 address.
|
Verifying SIP Gateway Status
SUMMARY STEPS
•
show sip-ua calls
•
show sip-ua connections
•
show sip-ua status
DETAILED STEPS
Step 1
show sip-ua calls
The show sip-ua calls command displays active user agent client (UAC) and user agent server (UAS) information on SIP calls:
Router# show sip-ua calls
SIP UAC CALL INFO
Call 1
SIP Call ID : 8368ED08-1C2A11DD-80078908-BA2972D0@2001::21B:D4FF:FED7:B000
State of the call : STATE_ACTIVE (7)
Substate of the call : SUBSTATE_NONE (0)
Calling Number : 2000
Called Number : 1000
Bit Flags : 0xC04018 0x100 0x0
Source IP Address (Sig ): 2001:DB8:0:ABCD::1
Destn SIP Req Addr:Port : 2001:DB8:0:0:FFFF:5060
Destn SIP Resp Addr:Port: 2001:DB8:0:1:FFFF:5060
Destination Name : 2001::21B:D5FF:FE1D:6C00
Number of Media Streams : 1
Number of Active Streams: 1
Media Mode : flow-through
State of the stream : STREAM_ACTIVE
Stream Type : voice-only (0)
Stream Media Addr Type : 1709707780
Negotiated Codec : (20 bytes)
Negotiated Dtmf-relay : inband-voice
Dtmf-relay Payload Type : 0
Media Source IP Addr:Port: [2001::21B:D4FF:FED7:B000]:16504
Media Dest IP Addr:Port : [2001::21B:D5FF:FE1D:6C00]:19548
Options-Ping ENABLED:NO ACTIVE:NO
Number of SIP User Agent Client(UAC) calls: 1
Number of SIP User Agent Server(UAS) calls: 0
Step 2
show sip-ua connections
Use the show sip-ua connections command to display SIP UA transport connection tables:
Router# show sip-ua connections udp brief
Total active connections : 1
No. of remote closures : 0
No. of conn. failures : 0
No. of inactive conn. ageouts : 0
Router# show sip-ua connections udp detail
Total active connections : 1
No. of remote closures : 0
No. of conn. failures : 0
No. of inactive conn. ageouts : 0
---------Printing Detailed Connection Report---------
** Tuples with no matching socket entry
- Do 'clear sip <tcp[tls]/udp> conn t ipv4:<addr>:<port>'
to overcome this error condition
++ Tuples with mismatched address/port entry
- Do 'clear sip <tcp[tls]/udp> conn t ipv4:<addr>:<port> id <connid>'
to overcome this error condition
Remote-Agent:2001::21B:D5FF:FE1D:6C00, Connections-Count:1
Remote-Port Conn-Id Conn-State WriteQ-Size
=========== ======= =========== ===========
Step 3
show sip-ua status
Use the show sip-ua status command to display the status of the SIP UA:
Router# show sip-ua status
SIP User Agent for UDP : ENABLED
SIP User Agent for TCP : ENABLED
SIP User Agent for TLS over TCP : ENABLED
SIP User Agent bind status(signaling): DISABLED
SIP User Agent bind status(media): DISABLED
SIP early-media for 180 responses with SDP: ENABLED
SIP DNS SRV version: 2 (rfc 2782)
NAT Settings for the SIP-UA
Check media source packets: DISABLED
Maximum duration for a telephone-event in NOTIFYs: 2000 ms
SIP support for ISDN SUSPEND/RESUME: ENABLED
Redirection (3xx) message handling: ENABLED
Reason Header will override Response/Request Codes: DISABLED
Out-of-dialog Refer: DISABLED
Presence support is DISABLED
SDP application configuration:
Version line (v=) required
Timespec line (t=) required
Media supported: audio video image
Network types supported: IN
Address types supported: IP4 IP6
Transport types supported: RTP/AVP udptl
Configuring H.323 IPv4-to-SIPv6 Connections in a Cisco Unified Border Element
An organization with an IPv4 network can deploy a Cisco Unified Border Element on the boundary to connect with the service provider's IPv6 network (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 Cisco Unified Border Element Interoperating IPv4 Networks with IPv6 Service Provider
A Cisco Unified Border Element can interoperate between H.323/SIP IPv4 and SIP IPv6 networks in media flow-through mode. In media flow-through mode, both signaling and media flows through the Cisco Unified Border Element, and the Cisco Unified Border Element performs both signaling and media interoperation between H.323/SIP IPv4 and SIP IPv6 networks (see Figure 3).
Figure 3 IPv4 to IPv6 Media Interoperating Through Cisco IOS MTP
The Cisco Unified Border Element feature adds IPv6 capability to existing VoIP features. This feature adds dual-stack support on voice gateways and MTP, IPv6 support for SIP trunks, and SCCP-controlled analog voice gateways. In addition, the SBC functionality of connecting SIP IPv4 or H.323 IPv4 network to a SIP IPv6 network is implemented on an Cisco Unified Border Element to facilitate migration from VoIPv4 to VoIPv6.
Perform this task to configure H.323 IPv4-to-SIPv6 connections in an Cisco Unified Border Element.
Prerequisites
Cisco Unified Border Element must be configured in IPv6-only or dual-stack mode to support IPv6 calls.
Restrictions
A Cisco Unified Border Element interoperates between H.323/SIP IPv4 and SIP IPv6 networks only in media flow-through mode.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
voice service voip
4.
allow-connections from-type to to-type
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
voice service voip
Example:
Router(config)# voice service voip
|
Enters voice service VoIP configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
allow-connections from-type to to-type
Example:
Router(config-voi-serv)# allow-connections h323
to sip
|
Allows connections between specific types of endpoints in a VoIPv6 network.
Arguments are as follows:
• from-type—Type of connection. Valid values: h323, sip.
• to-type—Type of connection. Valid values: h323, sip.
|
Configuring MTP Used with Voice Gateways
Cisco IOS MTP trusted relay point (TRP) supports media interoperation between IPv4 and IPv6 networks (see Figure 4). This functionality is used when an IPv4 phone (registered to Cisco Unified Communications Manager, formerly known as Cisco Unified Call Manager) communicates with an IPv6 phone (registered to another Cisco Unified Communications Manager). In this case, one of the Cisco Unified Communications Managers inserts a Cisco IOS MTP to perform the IPv4-to-IPv6 media translation between the phones.
MTP for IPv4-to-IPv6 media translation operates only in dual-stack mode. Communication between Cisco IOS MTP and Cisco Unified Communications Manager occurs over SCCP for IPv4 only.
Figure 4 IPv4 to IPv6 Media Interoperating Through Cisco IOS MTP
The VoIPv6 feature includes IPv4 and IPv6 dual-stack support on voice gateways and MTP, IPv6 support for SIP trunks, and SCCP-controlled analog phones. In addition, connecting a SIP IPv4 or H.323 IPv4 network to a SIP IPv6 network is implemented on Cisco Unified Border Element.
Perform this task to configure IPv6 with media interoperating using Cisco Unified Communications Manager-controlled MTP:
•
Configuring MTP for IPv4-to-IPv6 Translation
Restrictions
•
MTP for IPv4-to-IPv6 media translation operates in dual-stack mode only.
•
A SIP trunk can be configured over IPv4 only, over IPv6 only, or in dual-stack mode. In dual-stack mode, ANAT is used to describe both IPv4 and IPv6 media capabilities.
Configuring MTP for IPv4-to-IPv6 Translation
Perform this task to configure MTP for IPv4-to-IPv6 translation.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
sccp ccm {ipv4-address | ipv6-address | dns} identifier identifier-number [priority priority] [port port-number] [version version-number]
4.
sccp ccm group group-number
5.
associate profile profile-identifier register device-name
6.
exit
7.
dspfarm profile profile-identifier {conference | mtp | transcode} [security]
8.
codec {codec-type | pass-through}
9.
maximum sessions {hardware | software} number
10.
associate application sccp
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
sccp ccm {ipv4-address | ipv6-address | dns}
identifier identifier-number [priority
priority] [port port-number] [version
version-number]
Example:
Router(config)# sccp ccm 2001:DB8:C18:1::102
identifier 2 version 7.0
|
Adds a Cisco Unified CallManager server to the list of available servers and set various parameters—including IP address, IPv6 address, or Domain Name System (DNS) name, port number, and version number.
Note SCCP communication between Cisco IOS MTP and Cisco Unified Border Element is supported only for an IPv4-only network. Do not use the ipv6-address argument with this command if you are configuring for the Cisco Unified Border Element.
|
Step 4
|
sccp ccm group group-number
Example:
Router(config)# sccp ccm group 1
|
Creates a Cisco CallManager group and enters SCCP Cisco CallManager configuration mode
|
Step 5
|
associate profile profile-identifier register
device-name
Example:
Router(conif-sccp-ccm)# associate profile 5
register MTP3825
|
Associates a digital signal processor (DSP) farm profile with a Cisco CallManager group.
|
Step 6
|
exit
Example:
Router(config-sip-ua)# exit
|
Exits the current configuration mode.
|
Step 7
|
dspfarm profile profile-identifier {conference
| mtp | transcode} [security]
Example:
Router(config)# dspfarm profile 5 mtp
|
Enters DSP farm profile configuration mode and defines a
profile for DSP farm services.
|
Step 8
|
codec {codec-type | pass-through}
Example:
Router(config-dspfarm-profile)# codec g711ulaw
|
Specifies the codecs that are supported by a DSP farm profile.
|
Step 9
|
maximum sessions {hardware | software} number
Example:
Router(config-dspfarm-profile)# maximum
sessions software 100
|
Specifies the maximum number of sessions that are supported by the profile.
|
Step 10
|
associate application sccp
Example:
Router(config-dspfarm-profile)# associate
application SCCP
|
Associates SCCP to the DSP farm profile.
|
Configuring RTCP Pass-Phrough and T.38 Fax Support on the Cisco UBE for IPv6
Real-time control protocol (RTCP) pass-through and T.38 fax support on the Cisco Unified Border Element (Cisco UBE) for IPv6 provides support for RTCP pass-through and T.38-based fax calls on Cisco UBE for IPv6.
•
RTCP Pass-Through
•
Configuring T.38 Fax Globally
•
Configuring IPv6 Support for Cisco UBE
RTCP Pass-Through
Restrictions
•
IPv4 and IPv6 addresses embedded within RTCP packets, for example RTCP CNAME, are passed on to Cisco UBE (ISR) without being masked. On the Cisco UBE ASR1000 these addresses are masked.
•
The Cisco UBE ASR 1000 does not support printing of RTCP debugs.
Note
RTCP is passed through by default; no configuration is required for RTCP pass-through.
Configuring T.38 Fax Globally
Perform this task to configure T.38 fax globally.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
voice service voip
4.
no ip address trusted authenticate
5.
allow-connections {h323 | sip} to {h323 | sip}
6.
fax protocol t38 [nse [force]] [version {0 | 3}] [ls-redundancy value [hs-redundancy value]] [fallback {cisco | none | pass-through {g711ulaw | g711alaw}}]
7.
sip
8.
bind control source-interface type number
9.
bind media source-interface type number
10.
no anat
11.
end
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
voice service voip
Example:
Router(config)# voice service voip
|
Enters voice service configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
no ip address trusted authenticate
Example:
Router(conf-voi-serv)# no ip address trusted
authenticate
|
Disables the IP address trusted authentication feature for incoming H.323 or SIP trunk calls for toll-fraud prevention.
|
Step 5
|
allow-connections {h323 | sip} to {h323 | sip}
Example:
Router(conf-voi-serv)# allow-connections sip to
sip
|
Allows connections between specific types of endpoints in a VoIP network.
|
Step 6
|
fax protocol t38 [nse [force]] [version {0 |
3}] [ls-redundancy value [hs-redundancy value]]
[fallback {cisco | none | pass-through
{g711ulaw | g711alaw}}]
Example:
Router(conf-voi-serv)# fax protocol t38 version
0 ls-redundancy 0 hs-redundancy 0 fallback
cisco
|
Specifies the global default ITU-T T.38 standard fax protocol to be used for all VoIP dial peers.
|
Step 7
|
sip
Example:
Router(conf-voi-serv)# sip
|
Enters SIP configuration mode.
|
Step 8
|
bind control source-interface type number
Example:
Router(conf-serv-sip)# bind control
source-interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
|
Binds Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) signaling packets and specifies an interface as the source address of SIP packets.
|
Step 9
|
bind media source-interface type number
Example:
Router(conf-serv-sip)# bind media
source-interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
|
Binds only media packets to the IPv4 or IPv6 address of a specific interface and specifies an interface as the source address of SIP packets.
|
Step 10
|
no anat
Example:
Router(conf-serv-sip)# no anat
|
Enables Alternative Network Address Types (ANAT) on a SIP trunk.
|
Step 11
|
end
Example:
Router(conf-serv-sip)# end
|
Exits SIP configuration mode and returns to the privileged EXEC mode.
|
Configuring IPv6 Support for Cisco UBE
Perform this task to configure IPv6 support for Cisco UBE.
Restrictions
In Cisco UBE, IPv4-only and IPv6-only modes are not supported when endpoints are dual-stack. In this case, Cisco UBE must also be configured in dual-stack mode.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
configure terminal
3.
sip-ua
4.
protocol mode {ipv4 | ipv6 | dual-stack [preference {ipv4 | ipv6}]}
5.
end
DETAILED STEPS
| |
Command or Action
|
Purpose
|
Step 1
|
enable
Example:
Router> enable
|
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
• Enter your password if prompted.
|
Step 2
|
configure terminal
Example:
Router# configure terminal
|
Enters global configuration mode.
|
Step 3
|
sip-ua
Example:
Router(config)# sip-ua
|
Enters SIP user-agent configuration mode.
|
Step 4
|
protocol mode {ipv4 | ipv6 | dual-stack
[preference {ipv4 | ipv6}]}
Example:
Router(config-sip-ua)# protocol mode ipv6
|
Configures the Cisco IOS SIP stack.
• protocol mode dual-stack preference {ipv4 | ipv6}—Sets the IP preference when the anat command is configured.
• protocol mode {ipv4 | ipv6}—Passes the IPv4 or IPv6 address in the SIP invite.
• protocol mode dual-stack—Passes both the IPv4 addresses and the IPv6 addresses in the SIP invite and sets priority based on the far-end IP address.
|
Step 5
|
end
Example:
Router(config-sip-ua)# end
|
Exits SIP user-agent configuration mode.
|
Verifying RTCP Pass-Through
Perform this task to verify the RTCP pass-through support on Cisco UBE.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
debug voip rtcp packets
DETAILED STEPS
Step 1
debug voip rtcp packets
Enables RTCP packet-related debugging.
Router# debug voip rtcp packets
*Feb 14 06:24:58.799: //1/xxxxxxxxxxxx/RTP//Packet/voip_remote_rtcp_packet: Received RTCP
packet
*Feb 14 06:24:58.799: (src ip=2001:DB8:C18:5:21B:D4FF:FEDD:35F0, src port=17699,
dst ip=2001:DB8:C18:5:21D:A2FF:FE72:4D00, dst port=17103)
*Feb 14 06:24:58.799: SR: ssrc=0x1F7A35F0 sr_ntp_h=0xD10346B4 sr_ntp_l=0x13173D8
F sr_timestamp=0x0 sr_npackets=381 sr_nbytes=62176
*Feb 14 06:24:58.799: RR: ssrc=0x1A1752F0 rr_loss=0x0 rr_ehsr=5748 rr_jitter=0 r
*Feb 14 06:24:58.799: SDES: ssrc=0x1F7A35F0 name=1 len=39 data=0.0.0@2001:DB8:C1
*Feb 14 06:24:58.799: //2/xxxxxxxxxxxx/RTP//Packet/voip_remote_rtcp_packet: Send
*Feb 14 06:24:58.799: (src ip=2001:DB8:C18:5:21D:A2FF:FE72:4D00, src port=23798,
dst ip=2001:DB8:C18:5:21B:D4FF:FED7:52F0, dst port=19416)
*Feb 14 06:24:58.799: SR: ssrc=0x0 sr_ntp_h=0xD10346B4 sr_ntp_l=0x13173D8F sr_ti
mestamp=0x0 sr_npackets=381 sr_nbytes=62176
*Feb 14 06:24:58.799: RR: ssrc=0x1A1752F0 rr_loss=0x0 rr_ehsr=5748 rr_jitter=0 r
*Feb 14 06:24:58.799: SDES: ssrc=0x1F7A35F0 name=1 len=39 data=0.0.0@2001:DB8:C1
Verifying T.38 Fax Configuration
Perform this task to verify the T.38 fax support on Cisco UBE. The show and debug commands need not be entered in any specific order.
SUMMARY STEPS
1.
enable
2.
debug ccsip all
3.
show call active voice compact
DETAILED STEPS
Step 1
enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
Step 2
debug ccsip all
Enables all SIP-related debugging.
INVITE sip:5555555555@[2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1118]:5060 SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1115]:5060;branch=z9hG4bK83AE3
Remote-Party-ID:
<sip:2222222222@[2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1115]>;party=calling;screen=no;privacy=off
From: <sip:2222222222@[2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1115]>;tag=627460F0-1259
To: <sip:5555555555@[2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1118]>
Date: Tue, 01 Mar 2011 08:49:48 GMT
Call-ID: B30FCDEB-431711E0-8EDECB51-E9F6B1F1@2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1115
Supported: 100rel,timer,resource-priority,replaces
Cisco-Guid: 2948477781-1125585376-2396638033-3925258737
User-Agent: Cisco-SIPGateway/IOS-15.1(3.14.2)PIA16
Allow: INVITE, OPTIONS, BYE, CANCEL, ACK, PRACK, UPDATE, REFER, SUBSCRIBE, NOTIFY, INFO,
REGISTER
Contact: <sip:2222222222@[22001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1115]:5060>
Allow-Events: telephone-event
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Disposition: session;handling=required
o=CiscoSystemsSIP-GW-UserAgent 7880 7375 IN IP6 2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1115
c=IN IP6 2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1115
m=audio 17836 RTP/AVP 0 101 19
c=IN IP6 2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1115
a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000
m=audio 18938 RTP/AVP 0 101 19
a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000
INVITE sip:2222222222@[2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1117]:5060 SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1116]:5060;branch=z9hG4bK38ACE
Remote-Party-ID:
<sip:5555555555@[2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1116]>;party=calling;screen=no;privacy=off
From: <sip:5555555555@[2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1116]>;tag=4FE8C9C-1630
To: <sip:2222222222@[2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1117]>;tag=1001045C-992
Date: Thu, 10 Feb 2011 12:15:08 GMT
Call-ID: 5DEDB77E-ADC11208-808BE770-8FCACF34@2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1117
Supported: 100rel,timer,resource-priority,replaces,sdp-anat
Cisco-Guid: 1432849350-0876876256-2424621905-3925258737
User-Agent: Cisco-SIPGateway/IOS-15.1(3.14.2)PIA16
Allow: INVITE, OPTIONS, BYE, CANCEL, ACK, PRACK, UPDATE, REFER, SUBSCRIBE, NOTIFY, INFO,
REGISTER
Contact: <sip:5555555555@[2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1116]:5060>
Allow-Events: telephone-event
Content-Type: application/sdp
o=CiscoSystemsSIP-GW-UserAgent 8002 7261 IN IP6 2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1116
c=IN IP6 2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1116
c=IN IP6 2001:DB8:1:1:1:1:1:1116
a=T38FaxTranscodingJBIG:0
a=T38FaxRateManagement:transferredTCF
a=T38FaxUdpEC:t38UDPRedundancy"
Step 3
show call active voice compact
Displays a compact version of call information.
Router# show call active voice compact
<callID> A/O FAX T<sec> Codec type Peer Address IP R<ip>:<udp>
9 ANS T10 g711ulaw VOIP P2222222222 2208:......:1115:16808
10 ORG T10 g711ulaw VOIP P5555555555 2208:......:1116:17326
Configuration Examples for Implementing VoIP over IPv6
•
Example: Configuring the SIP Trunk
•
Example: Configuring the Source IPv6 Address of Signaling and Media Packets
•
Example: Configuring the SIP Server
•
Example: Configuring the Session Target
•
Example: Configuring SIP Register Support
•
Example: Configuring H.323 IPv4 to SIPv6 Connections in a Cisco Unified Border Element
•
Example: Configuring MTP for IPv4-to-IPv6 Translation
Example: Configuring the SIP Trunk
This example shows how to configure the SIP trunk to use dual-stack mode, with IPv6 as the preferred mode. The SIP service must be shut down before any changes are made to protocol mode configuration.
Router(config-sip-ua)# protocol mode dual-stack preference ipv6
Example: Configuring the Source IPv6 Address of Signaling and Media Packets
This example shows how to configure the bind command:
Router(config)# voice service voip
Router(config-voi-serv)# sip
Router(config-serv-sip)# bind control source-interface FastEthernet 0/0
Example: Configuring the SIP Server
This example shows how to configure the SIP server:
Router(config-sip-ua)# sip-server ipv6:[2001:DB8:0:0:8:800:200C:417A]
Example: Configuring the Session Target
This example shows how to configure the session target:
Router(config)# dial-peer voice 29 voip
Router(config-dial-peer)# destination-pattern 7777
Router(config-dial-peer)# session target ipv6:[2001:DB8:0:0:8:800:200C:417A]
Example: Configuring SIP Register Support
This example shows how to configure SIP register support:
Router(config)# sip-ua
Router(config-sip-ua)# registrar ipv6:[2001:DB8:0:0:8:800:200C:417A] expires 3600
secondary
Router(config-sip-ua)# retry register 10
Router(config-sip-ua)# timers register 500
Example: Configuring H.323 IPv4 to SIPv6 Connections in a Cisco Unified Border Element
This example shows how to configure H.323 IPv4 to IPv6 connections in an Cisco Unified Border Element.
Router(config)# voice service voip
Router(config-voi-serv)# allow-connections h323 to sip
Example: Configuring MTP for IPv4-to-IPv6 Translation
The following example shows how to configure MTP for IPv4-to-IPv6 translation and provides sample configuration output:
Router(config)# sccp ccm group 1
Router(config-sccp-ccm)# associate profile 5 register MTP3825
Router(config-sccp-ccm)# exit
Router(config)# dspfarm profile 5 mtp
Router(config-dspfarm-profile)# codec g711ulaw
Router(config-dspfarm-profile)# maximum sessions software 100
Router(config-dspfarm-profile)# associate application SCCP
Router# show sccp
sccp ccm group 1
associate profile 5 register MTP3825
!
dspfarm profile 5 mtp
codec g711ulaw
maximum sessions software 100
associate application SCCP
Additional References
Related Documents
Related Topic
|
Document Title
|
Master Command Lists, All Releases
|
Master Command Lists
|
Cisco Express Forwarding for IPv6
|
"Implementing IPv6 Addressing and Basic Connectivity," Cisco IOS IPv6 Configuration Guide
|
IPv4-to-IPv6 media translation
|
"Configuring Cisco IOS Hosted NAT Traversal for Session Border Controller," Cisco IOS NAT Configuration Guide
|
Cisco IOS voice configuration
|
Cisco IOS Voice Configuration Library
|
Cisco Unified Border Element configuration
|
Cisco Unified Border Element Configuration Guide
|
Cisco Unified Communications Manager
|
Cisco Unified Communications Manager
|
Dual-stack information and configuration
|
"Implementing IPv6 Addressing and Basic Connectivity," Cisco IOS IPv6 Configuration Guide
|
IPv4 VoIP gateway
|
VoIP Gateway Trunk and Carrier Based Routing Enhancements
|
VoIPv4 dial peer information and configuration
|
Dial Peer Features and Configuration
|
SIP bind information
|
Configuring SIP Bind Features
|
Basic H.323 gateway configuration
|
"Configuring H.323 Gateways," Cisco IOS Voice, Video, and Fax Configuration Guide
|
Basic H.323 gatekeeper configuration
|
"Configuring H.323 Gatekeepers," Cisco IOS Voice, Video, and Fax Configuration Guide
|
IPv6 commands, including voice commands
|
Cisco IOS IPv6 Command Reference
|
Troubleshooting and debugging guides
|
• Cisco IOS Debug Command Reference
• Troubleshooting and Debugging VoIP Call Basics
• VoIP Debug Commands
|
Standards
Standard
|
Title
|
No new or modified standards are supported and support for existing standards has not been modified.
|
—
|
MIBs
MIB
|
MIBs Link
|
None
|
To locate and download MIBs for selected platforms, Cisco software releases, and feature sets, use Cisco MIB Locator found at the following URL:
http://www.cisco.com/go/mibs
|
RFCs
RFC
|
Title
|
RFC 3095
|
RObust Header Compression (ROHC): Framework and Four Profiles: RTP, UDP, ESP, and Uncompressed
|
RFC 3759
|
RObust Header Compression (ROHC): Terminology and Channel Mapping Examples
|
RFC 4091
|
The Alternative Network Address Types (ANAT) Semantics for the Session Description Protocol (SDP) Grouping Framework
|
RFC 4092
|
Usage of the Session Description Protocol (SDP) Alternative Network Address Types (ANAT) Semantics in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
|
Technical Assistance
Description
|
Link
|
The Cisco Support and Documentation website provides online resources to download documentation, software, and tools. Use these resources to install and configure the software and to troubleshoot and resolve technical issues with Cisco products and technologies. Access to most tools on the Cisco Support and Documentation website requires a Cisco.com user ID and password.
|
http://www.cisco.com/cisco/web/support/index.html
|
Feature Information for Implementing VoIP for IPv6
Table 1 lists the features in this module and provides links to specific configuration information.
Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and software image support. Cisco Feature Navigator enables you to determine which software images support a specific software release, feature set, or platform. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.
Note
Table 1 lists only the software release that introduced support for a given feature in a given software release train. Unless noted otherwise, subsequent releases of that software release train also support that feature.
Table 1 Feature Information for Implementing VoIP for IPv6
Feature Name
|
Releases
|
Feature Information
|
VoIP for IPv6
|
12.4(22)T
|
VoIPv6 adds IPv6 capability to existing VoIP features. VoIPv6 requires IPv6 and IPv4 dual-stack support on voice gateways and MTP, IPv6 support for SIP trunks, and SCCP-controlled analog voice phones. In addition, the SBC functionality of connecting SIP IPv4 or H.323 IPv4 network to SIP IPv6 network is implemented on a Cisco Unified Border Element to facilitate migration from VoIPv4 to VoIPv6.
|
Cisco UBE RTCP voice pass-through for IPv6
|
15.2(1)T
|
RTCP pass-through on Cisco UBE adds IPv6 capability to the existing feature.
The following section provides information about this feature:
• Configuring RTCP Pass-through and T.38 Fax Support on Cisco UBE for IPv6, page 19
No commands were introduced or modified.
|
T.38 Fax Support on Cisco UBE for IPv6
|
15.2(1)T
|
T.38 fax support on Cisco UBE adds IPv6 capability to the existing feature.
The following section provides information about this feature:
• Configuring RTCP Pass-through and T.38 Fax Support on Cisco UBE for IPv6, page 19
No commands were introduced or modified.
|
Cisco and the Cisco Logo are trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the U.S. and other countries. A listing of Cisco's trademarks can be found at www.cisco.com/go/trademarks. Third party trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company. (1005R)
Any Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and phone numbers used in this document are not intended to be actual addresses. Any examples, command display output, and figures included in the document are shown for illustrative purposes only. Any use of actual IP addresses in illustrative content is unintentional and coincidental.
© 2008-2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.