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Table Of Contents
Configuring the Cisco IOS DHCP Server
Prerequisites for Configuring the DHCP Server
Information About the Cisco IOS DHCP Server
DHCP Server Address Allocation Using Option 82
How to Configure the Cisco IOS DHCP Server
Configuring a DHCP Database Agent or Disabling Conflict Logging
Configuring DHCP Address Pools
Configuring a DHCP Address Pool
Configuring a DHCP Address Pool with Secondary Subnets
Verifying the DHCP Address Pool Configuration
Configuring DHCP Static Mapping
Configuring the DHCP Server to Read a Static Mapping Text File
Customizing DHCP Server Operation
Configuring a Remote Router to Import DHCP Server Options from a Central DHCP Server
Configuring the Central DHCP Server to Update DHCP Options
Configuring the Remote Router to Import DHCP Options
Configuring DHCP Address Allocation Using Option 82
DHCP Address Allocation Using Option 82 Feature Design
Enabling Option 82 for DHCP Address Allocation
Defining the DHCP Class and Relay Agent Information Patterns
Defining the DHCP Address Pool
Configuring a Static Route with the Next Hop Dynamically Obtained Through DHCP
Clearing DHCP Server Variables
Configuration Examples for the Cisco IOS DHCP Server
Configuring the DHCP Database Agent: Example
Excluding IP Addresses: Example
Configuring DHCP Address Pools: Example
Configuring a DHCP Address Pool with Multiple Disjoint Subnets: Example
Configuring Manual Bindings: Example
Configuring Static Mapping: Example
Configuring the Option to Ignore all BOOTP Requests: Example
Importing DHCP Options: Example
Configuring DHCP Address Allocation Using Option 82: Example
Configuring a Static Route with the Next-Hop Dynamically Obtained Through DHCP: Example
Feature Information for the Cisco IOS DHCP Server
Configuring the Cisco IOS DHCP Server
First Published: May 2, 2005Last Updated: April 11, 2010Cisco routers running Cisco IOS software include Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server and relay agent software. The Cisco IOS DHCP server is a full DHCP server implementation that assigns and manages IP addresses from specified address pools within the router to DHCP clients. The DHCP server can be configured to assign additional parameters such as the IP address of the Domain Name System (DNS) server and the default router.
This module describes the concepts and the tasks needed to configure the Cisco IOS DHCP server.
Finding Feature Information
Your software release may not support all the features documented in this module. For the latest feature information and caveats, see the release notes for your platform and software release. To find information about the features documented in this module, and to see a list of the releases in which each feature is supported, see the "Feature Information for the Cisco IOS DHCP Server" section.
Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and Cisco IOS and Catalyst OS software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.
Contents
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Prerequisites for Configuring the DHCP Server
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Prerequisites for Configuring the DHCP Server
Before you configure the Cisco IOS DHCP server, you should understand the concepts documented in the "DHCP Overview" module.
The Cisco IOS DHCP server and relay agent are enabled by default. You can verify if they have been disabled by checking your configuration file. If they have been disabled, the no service dhcp command will appear in the configuration file. Use the service dhcp command to reenable the functionality if necessary.
Port 67 (the server port) is closed in the Cisco IOS DHCP/BOOTP default configuration. There are two logical parts to the service dhcp command: service enabled and service running. The DHCP service is enabled by default, but port 67 is not opened until the DHCP service is running. If the service is running, the show ip sockets details or show sockets detail command displays port 67 as open.
The Cisco IOS DHCP relay agent will be enabled on an interface only when the ip helper-address is configured. This command enables the DHCP broadcast to be forwarded to the configured DHCP server.
Information About the Cisco IOS DHCP Server
Before you configure the DHCP server, you should understand the following concepts:
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Overview of the DHCP Server
The Cisco IOS DHCP server accepts address assignment requests and renewals and assigns the addresses from predefined groups of addresses contained within DHCP address pools. These address pools can also be configured to supply additional information to the requesting client such as the IP address of the DNS server, the default router, and other configuration parameters. The Cisco IOS DHCP server can accept broadcasts from locally attached LAN segments or from DHCP requests that have been forwarded by other DHCP relay agents within the network.
DHCP Attribute Inheritance
The DHCP server database is organized as a tree. The root of the tree is the address pool for natural networks, branches are subnetwork address pools, and leaves are manual bindings to clients. Subnetworks inherit network parameters and clients inherit subnetwork parameters. Therefore, common parameters (for example, the domain name) should be configured at the highest (network or subnetwork) level of the tree.
Inherited parameters can be overridden. For example, if a parameter is defined in both the natural network and a subnetwork, the definition of the subnetwork is used.
Address leases are not inherited. If a lease is not specified for an IP address, by default, the DHCP server assigns a one-day lease for the address.
DHCP Server Address Allocation Using Option 82
The Cisco IOS DHCP server can allocate dynamic IP addresses based on the relay information option (option 82) information sent by the relay agent.
Automatic DHCP address allocation is typically based on an IP address, whether it be the gateway address (giaddr field of the DHCP packet) or the incoming interface IP address. In some networks, it is necessary to use additional information to further determine which IP addresses to allocate. By using option 82, the Cisco IOS relay agent has long been able to include additional information about itself when forwarding client-originated DHCP packets to a DHCP server. The Cisco IOS DHCP server can also use option 82 as a means to provide additional information to properly allocate IP addresses to DHCP clients.
How to Configure the Cisco IOS DHCP Server
This section contains the following tasks:
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Configuring a DHCP Database Agent or Disabling Conflict Logging
Perform this task to configure a DHCP database agent.
A DHCP database agent is any host (for example, an FTP, TFTP, or rcp server) or storage media on the DHCP server (for example, disk0) that stores the DHCP bindings database. You can configure multiple DHCP database agents, and you can configure the interval between database updates and transfers for each agent.
Automatic bindings are IP addresses that have been automatically mapped to the MAC addresses of hosts that are found in the DHCP database. Automatic binding information (such as lease expiration date and time, interface index, and VPN routing and forwarding [VRF] name) is stored on a database agent. The bindings are saved as text records for easy maintenance.
An address conflict occurs when two hosts use the same IP address. During address assignment, DHCP checks for conflicts using ping and gratuitous Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). If a conflict is detected, the address is removed from the pool. The address will not be assigned until the administrator resolves the conflict.
Restrictions
We strongly recommend using database agents. However, the Cisco IOS server can run without them. If you choose not to configure a DHCP database agent, disable the recording of DHCP address conflicts on the DHCP server by using the no ip dhcp conflict logging command in global configuration mode. If there is conflict logging but no database agent configured, bindings are lost across router reboots. Possible false conflicts can occur causing the address to be removed from the address pool until the network administrator intervenes.
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no ip dhcp conflict loggingDETAILED STEPS
Step 1
enable
Example:Router> enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
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Step 2
configure terminal
Example:Router# configure terminal
Enters global configuration mode.
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ip dhcp database url [timeout seconds | write-delay seconds]
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no ip dhcp conflict logging
Example:Router(config)# ip dhcp database ftp://user:password@172.16.1.1/router-dhcp timeout 80
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Example:Router(config)# no ip dhcp conflict logging
Configures a DHCP server to save automatic bindings on a remote host called a database agent.
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Disables DHCP address conflict logging.
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Excluding IP Addresses
Perform this task to specify IP addresses (excluded addresses) that the DHCP server should not assign to clients.
The IP address configured on the router interface is automatically excluded from the DHCP address pool. The DHCP server assumes that all other IP addresses in a DHCP address pool subnet are available for assigning to DHCP clients.
You need to exclude addresses from the pool if the DHCP server should not allocate those IP addresses. An example usage scenario is when two DHCP servers are set up to service the same network segment (subnet) for redundancy. If the two DHCP servers do not coordinate their services with each other using a protocol such as DHCP failover, then each DHCP server must be configured to allocate from a nonoverlapping set of addresses in the shared subnet. See the "Configuring Manual Bindings: Example" section for a configuration example.
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Configuring DHCP Address Pools
This section contains the following tasks:
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Configuring a DHCP Address Pool
Perform this task to configure a DHCP address pool. On a per-address pool basis, specify DHCP options for the client as necessary.
You can configure a DHCP address pool with a name that is a symbolic string (such as "engineering") or an integer (such as 0). Configuring a DHCP address pool also puts the router into DHCP pool configuration mode—identified by the (dhcp-config)# prompt—from which you can configure pool parameters (for example, the IP subnet number and default router list).
DHCP defines a process by which the DHCP server knows the IP subnet in which the DHCP client resides, and it can assign an IP address from a pool of valid IP addresses in that subnet. The process by which the DHCP server identifies which DHCP address pool to use to service a client request is described in the "DHCP defines a process by which the DHCP server knows the IP subnet in which the DHCP client resides, and it can assign an IP address from a pool of valid IP addresses in that subnet. The process by which the DHCP server identifies which DHCP address pool to use to service a client request is described in the ." section.
The DHCP server identifies which DHCP address pool to use to service a client request as follows:
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Cisco IOS DHCP server software supports advanced capabilities for IP address allocation. See the "Configuring DHCP Address Allocation Using Option 82" section section for more information.
Prerequisites
Before you configure the DHCP address pool, you need to:
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Restrictions
You cannot configure manual bindings within the same pool that is configured with the network DHCP pool configuration command. To configure manual bindings, see the "Configuring Manual Bindings" section.
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Configuring a DHCP Address Pool with Secondary Subnets
Perform this task to configure a DHCP address pool with secondary subnets.
For any DHCP pool, you can configure a primary subnet and any number of secondary subnets. Each subnet is a range of IP addresses that the router uses to allocate an IP address to a DHCP client. The DHCP server multiple subnet functionality enables a Cisco IOS DHCP server address pool to manage additional IP addresses by adding the addresses to a secondary subnet of an existing DHCP address pool (instead of using a separate address pool).
Configuring a secondary DHCP subnetwork places the router in DHCP pool secondary subnet configuration mode—identified by the (config-dhcp-subnet-secondary)# prompt—from which you can configure a default address list that is specific to the secondary subnet. You can also specify the utilization rate of the secondary subnet, which allows pools of IP addresses to dynamically increase or reduce in size depending on the address utilization level. This setting overrides the global utilization rate.
If the DHCP server selects an address pool that contains multiple subnets, the DHCP server allocates an IP address from the subnets as follows:
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DETAILED STEPS
Step 1
enable
Example:Router> enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
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Step 2
configure terminal
Example:Router# configure terminal
Enters global configuration mode.
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ip dhcp pool name
Example:Router(config)# ip dhcp pool 1
Creates a name for the DHCP server address pool and enters DHCP pool configuration mode.
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utilization mark high percentage-number [log]
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# utilization mark high 80 log
(Optional) Configures the high utilization mark of the current address pool size.
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utilization mark low percentage-number [log]
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# utilization mark low 70 log
(Optional) Configures the low utilization mark of the current address pool size.
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network network-number [mask | /prefix-length]
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# network 172.16.0.0 /16
Specifies the subnet network number and mask of the DHCP address pool.
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domain-name domain
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# domain-name cisco.com
Specifies the domain name for the client.
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dns-server address [address2 ... address8]
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# dns server 172.16.1.103 172.16.2.103
Specifies the IP address of a DNS server that is available to a DHCP client.
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bootfile filename
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# bootfile xllboot
(Optional) Specifies the name of the default boot image for a DHCP client.
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next-server address [address2 ... address8]
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# next-server 172.17.1.103 172.17.2.103
(Optional) Configures the next server in the boot process of a DHCP client.
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netbios-name-server address [address2 ... address8]
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# netbios-name-server 172.16.1.103 172.16.2.103
(Optional) Specifies the NetBIOS Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) server that is available to a Microsoft DHCP client.
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netbios-node-type type
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# netbios-node-type h-node
(Optional) Specifies the NetBIOS node type for a Microsoft DHCP client.
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default-router address [address2 ... address8]
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# default-router 172.16.1.100 172.16.1.101
(Optional) Specifies the IP address of the default router for a DHCP client.
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option code [instance number] {ascii string | hex string | ip-address}
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# option 19 hex 01
(Optional) Configures DHCP server options.
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lease {days [hours] [minutes]| infinite}
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# lease 30
(Optional) Specifies the duration of the lease.
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network network-number [{mask | /preix-length} [secondary]]
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# network 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 secondary(Optional) Specifies the network number and mask of a secondary DHCP server address pool.
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configuration mode, which is identified by the (config-dhcp-subnet-secondary)# prompt. In this mode, the administrator can configure a default router list that is specific to the subnet.•
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override default-router address [address2 ... address8]
Example:Router(config-dhcp-subnet-secondary)# override default-router 10.10.0.100 10.10.0.101(Optional) Specifies the default router list that is used when an IP address is assigned to a DHCP client from this secondary subnet.
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override utilization high percentage-numer
Example:Router(config-dhcp-subnet-secondary)# override utilization high 60(Optional) Sets the high utilization mark of the subnet size.
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configuration command.Step 19
override utilization low percentage-number
Example:Router(config-dhcp-subnet-secondary)# override utilization low 40(Optional) Sets the low utilization mark of the subnet size.
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configuration command.Step 20
end
Example:Router(config-dhcp-subnet-secondary)# end
Returns to privileged EXEC mode.
Troubleshooting Tips
If you are using secondary IP addresses under a single loopback interface and using secondary subnets under a DHCP pool, use one DHCP pool to configure networks for all the secondary subnets instead of one pool per secondary subnet. The network network-number [{mask | /prefix-length} [secondary]] command must be configured under a single DHCP address pool rather than multiple DHCP address pools.
The following is the correct configuration:
!ip dhcp pool dhcp_1network 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0network 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 secondarynetwork 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 secondarynetwork 172.16.4.0 255.255.255.0 secondary!interface Loopback111ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.255 secondaryip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.255 secondaryip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.255 secondaryip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.255 secondaryThe following is the incorrect configuration:
!ip dhcp pool dhcp_1network 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0lease 1 20 30accounting default!ip dhcp pool dhcp_2network 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0lease 1 20 30accounting default!ip dhcp pool dhcp_3network 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0lease 1 20 30accounting default!ip dhcp pool dhcp_4network 172.16.4.0 255.255.255.0lease 1 20 30accounting default!interface Loopback111ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.255 secondaryip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.255 secondaryip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.255 secondaryip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.255 secondaryVerifying the DHCP Address Pool Configuration
Perform this task to verify the DHCP address pool configuration. These show commands need not be entered in any specific order.
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Configuring Manual Bindings
Perform this task to configure manual bindings.
An address binding is a mapping between the IP address and MAC address of a client. The IP address of a client can be assigned manually by an administrator or assigned automatically from a pool by a DHCP server.
Manual bindings are IP addresses that have been manually mapped to the MAC addresses of hosts that are found in the DHCP database. Manual bindings are stored in NVRAM on the DHCP server. Manual bindings are just special address pools. There is no limit on the number of manual bindings, but you can configure only one manual binding per host pool.
Automatic bindings are IP addresses that have been automatically mapped to the MAC addresses of hosts that are found in the DHCP database. Because the bindings are stored in volatile memory on the DHCP server, binding information is lost in the event of a power failure or upon router reload for any other reason. To prevent the loss of automatic binding information in such an event, store a copy of the automatic binding information on a remote host called a DHCP database agent. The bindings are periodically written to the database agent. If the router reloads, the bindings are read back from the database agent to the DHCP database on the DHCP server.
Note
Some DHCP clients send a client identifier (DHCP option 61) in the DHCP packet. To configure manual bindings for such clients, you must enter the client-identifier DHCP pool configuration command with the appropriate hexadecimal values identifying the DHCP client. To configure manual bindings for clients who do not send a client identifier option, you must enter the hardware-address DHCP pool configuration command with the appropriate hexadecimal hardware address of the client.
In Cisco IOS Release 12.4(22)T and later releases the DHCP server sends infinite lease time to the clients for which manual bindings are configured.
In Cisco IOS Release 15.1(1)S1 and later releases, the DHCP server sends lease time configured using the lease command to the clients for which manual bindings are configured.
Restrictions
You cannot configure manual bindings within the same pool that is configured with the network command in DHCP pool configuration mode. See the "Configuring DHCP Address Pools" section for information about DHCP address pools and the network command.
SUMMARY STEPS
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DETAILED STEPS
Step 1
enable
Example:Router> enable
Enables privileged EXEC mode.
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configure terminal
Example:Router# configure terminal
Enters global configuration mode.
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ip dhcp pool pool-name
Example:Router(config)# ip dhcp pool pool1
Creates a name for the DHCP server address pool and places you in DHCP pool configuration mode.
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host address [mask | /prefix-length]
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# host 172.16.0.1
Specifies the IP address and subnet mask of the client.
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client-identifier unique-identifier
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# client-identifier 01b7.0813.8811.66
Specifies the unique identifier for DHCP clients.
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hardware-address hardware-address [protocol-type | hardware-number]
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# hardware-address b708.1388.f166 ethernet
Specifies a hardware address for the client.
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client-name name
Example:Router(dhcp-config)# client-name client1
(Optional) Specifies the name of the client using any standard ASCII character.
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Troubleshooting Tips
You can determine the client identifier by using the debug ip dhcp server packet command. In the following example, the client is identified by the value 0b07.1134.a029:
Router# debug ip dhcp server packetDHCPD:DHCPDISCOVER received from client 0b07.1134.a029 through relay 10.1.0.253.DHCPD:assigned IP address 10.1.0.3 to client 0b07.1134.a029....Configuring DHCP Static Mapping
The DHCP—Static Mapping feature enables assignment of static IP addresses without creating numerous host pools with manual bindings by using a customer-created text file that the DHCP server reads. The benefit of this feature is that it eliminates the need for a long configuration file and reduces the space required in NVRAM to maintain address pools.
This section contains the following task:
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A DHCP database contains the mappings between a client IP address and hardware address, referred to as a binding. There are two types of bindings: manual bindings that map a single hardware address to a single IP address, and automatic bindings that dynamically map a hardware address to an IP address from a pool of IP addresses. Manual (also known as static) bindings can be configured individually directly on the router or, by using the DHCP—Static Mapping feature, these static bindings can be read from a separate static mapping text file. The static mapping text files are read when a router reloads or the DHCP service restarts. These files are read-only.
The read static bindings are treated just like the manual bindings, in that they are:
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Just like automatic bindings and manual bindings, the static bindings from the static mapping text file are also displayed by using the show ip dhcp binding command.
Perform this task to create the static mapping text file. You will input your addresses in the text file, which is stored in the DHCP database for the DHCP server to read. There is no limit on the number of addresses in the file. The file format has the following elements:
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See Table 1 for more details about the format of the text file.
The following is a sample static mapping text file:
*time* Jan 21 2005 03:52 PM*version* 2!IP address Type Hardware address Lease expiration10.0.0.4 /24 1 0090.bff6.081e Infinite10.0.0.5 /28 id 00b7.0813.88f1.66 Infinite10.0.0.2 /21 1 0090.bff6.081d Infinite*end*
Table 1 Static Mapping Text File Field Descriptions
*time*
Specifies the time the file was created. This field allows DHCP to differentiate between newer and older database versions when multiple agents are configured. The valid format of the time is Mm dd yyyy hh:mm AM/PM.
*version* 2
Database version number.
IP address
Static IP address. If the subnet mask is not specified, a natural mask is assumed depending on the IP address. There must be a space between the IP address and mask.
Type
Specifies the hardware type. For example, type "1" indicates Ethernet. The type "id" indicates that the field is a DHCP client identifier. Legal values can be found online at http://www.iana.org/assignments/arp-parameters in the "Number Hardware Type" list.
Hardware address
Specifies the hardware address.
When the type is numeric, it refers to the hardware media. Legal values can be found online at http://www.iana.org/assignments/arp-parameters in the "Number Hardware Type" list.
When the type is "id," this means that we are matching on the client identifier.
For more information about the client identifier, please see RFC 2132, DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions, section 9.14, located at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2132.txt, or the client-identifier command reference page located at http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/ipaddr/command/reference/
iad_dhc1.html#wp1011901.If you are unsure what client identifier to match on, use the debug dhcp detail command to display the client identifier being sent to the DHCP server from the client.
Lease expiration
Specifies the expiration of the lease. "Infinite" specifies that the duration of the lease is unlimited.
*end*
End of file. DHCP uses the *end* designator to detect file truncation.
Configuring the DHCP Server to Read a Static Mapping Text File
Perform this task to configure the DHCP server to read the static mapping text file.
Prerequisites
The administrator should create the static mapping text file in the correct format and configure the address pools before performing this task.
Before editing the file, you must disable the DHCP server using the no service dhcp command.
Restrictions
The static bindings must not be deleted when a DHCPRELEASE is received or must not be timed out by the DHCP timer. The static bindings should be treated just like manual bindings created by using the ip dhcp pool command.
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Examples
The following example shows the address bindings that have been configured:
Router# show ip dhcp binding00:05:14:%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by consoleBindings from all pools not associated with VRF:IP address Client-ID/ Ls expir Type Hw address User name10.9.9.4/8 0063.7363.2d30.3036. Infinite Static 302e.3762.2e39.3634. 632d.4574.8892.10.9.9.1/24 0063.6973.636f.2d30. Infinite Static 3036.302e.3437.3165. 2e64.6462.342d.The following sample shows each entry in the static mapping text file:
*time* Jan 21 2005 22:52 PM!IP address Type Hardware address Lease expiration10.19.9.1 /24 id 0063.6973.636f.2d30.3036.302e.343710.9.9.4 id 0063.7363.2d30.3036.302e.3762.2e39.3634.632d Infinite*end*The following sample debug output shows the reading of the static mapping text file from the TFTP server:
Router# debug ip dhcp serverLoading abc/static_pool from 10.19.192.33 (via Ethernet0):[OK - 333 bytes]*May 26 23:14:21.259: DHCPD: contacting agent tftp://10.19.192.33/abc/static_pool (attempt 0)*May 26 23:14:21.467: DHCPD: agent tftp://10.19.192.33/abc/static_pool is responding.*May 26 23:14:21.467: DHCPD: IFS is ready.*May 26 23:14:21.467: DHCPD: reading bindings from tftp://10.19.192.33/abc/static_pool.*May 26 23:14:21.707: DHCPD: read 333 / 1024 bytes.*May 26 23:14:21.707: DHCPD: parsing text line*time* Apr 22 2002 11:31 AM*May 26 23:14:21.707: DHCPD: parsing text line ""*May 26 23:14:21.707: DHCPD: parsing text line!IP address Type Hardware address Lease expiration*May 26 23:14:21.707: DHCPD: parsing text line"10.9.9.1 /24 id 0063.6973.636f.2d30.3036.302e.3437"*May 26 23:14:21.707: DHCPD: creating binding for 10.9.9.1*May 26 23:14:21.707: DHCPD: Adding binding to radix tree (10.9.9.1)*May 26 23:14:21.707: DHCPD: Adding binding to hash tree*May 26 23:14:21.707: DHCPD: parsing text line"10.9.9.4 id 0063.7363.2d30.3036.302e.3762.2e39.3634.632d"*May 26 23:14:21.711: DHCPD: creating binding for 10.9.9.4*May 26 23:14:21.711: DHCPD: Adding binding to radix tree (10.9.9.4)*May 26 23:14:21.711: DHCPD: Adding binding to hash tree*May 26 23:14:21.711: DHCPD: parsing text line "Infinite"*May 26 23:14:21.711: DHCPD: parsing text line ""*May 26 23:14:21.711: DHCPD: parsing text line!IP address Interface-index Lease expiration VRF*May 26 23:14:21.711: DHCPD: parsing text line "*end*"*May 26 23:14:21.711: DHCPD: read static bindings from tftp://10.19.192.33/abcemp/static_pool.Customizing DHCP Server Operation
Perform this task to customize DHCP server operation.
By default, the DHCP server pings a pool address twice before assigning a particular address to a requesting client. If the ping is unanswered, the DHCP server assumes (with a high probability) that the address is not in use and assigns the address to the requesting client.
By default, the DHCP server waits 2 seconds before timing out a ping packet.
You can configure the DHCP server to ignore and not reply to received Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) requests. This functionality is beneficial when there is a mix of BOOTP and DHCP clients in a network segment and there is a BOOTP server and a Cisco IOS DHCP server servicing the network segment. The BOOTP server is configured with static bindings for the BOOTP clients and the BOOTP clients are intended to obtain their addresses from the BOOTP server. However, because a DHCP server can also respond to a BOOTP request, an address offer may be made by the DHCP server causing the BOOTP clients to boot with the address from the DHCP server, instead of the address from the BOOTP server. Configuring the DHCP server to ignore BOOTP requests means that the BOOTP clients will receive address information from the BOOTP server and will not inadvertently accept an address from a DHCP server.
The Cisco IOS software can forward these ignored BOOTP request packets to another DHCP server if the ip helper-address interface configuration command is configured on the incoming interface.
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Configuring a Remote Router to Import DHCP Server Options from a Central DHCP Server
The Cisco IOS DHCP server can dynamically configure options such as the DNS and WINS addresses to respond to DHCP requests from local clients behind the customer premises equipment (CPE). Previously, network administrators needed to manually configure the Cisco IOS DHCP server on each device. The Cisco IOS DHCP server was enhanced to allow configuration information to be updated automatically. Network administrators can configure one or more centralized DHCP servers to update specific DHCP options within the DHCP pools. The remote servers can request or "import" these option parameters from the centralized servers.
This section contains the following tasks:
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Configuring the Central DHCP Server to Update DHCP Options
Perform this task to configure the central DHCP server to update DHCP options.
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Configuring the Remote Router to Import DHCP Options
Perform this task to configure the remote router to import DHCP options from a central DHCP server.
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Configuring DHCP Address Allocation Using Option 82
This section contains the following tasks:
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DHCP Address Allocation Using Option 82 Feature Design
DHCP provides a framework for passing configuration information to hosts on a TCP/IP network. Configuration parameters and other control information are carried in tagged data items that are stored in the options field of the DHCP message. The data items themselves are also called options. Option 82 is organized as a single DHCP option that contains information known by the relay agent.
This feature is designed to allow the Cisco IOS DHCP server to use option 82 information to help determine which IP addresses to allocate to clients. The information sent via option 82 will be used to identify which port the DHCP request came in on. This feature does not parse out the individual suboptions contained within option 82. Rather, the address allocation is done by matching a configured pattern byte by byte.
The feature introduces a new DHCP class capability, which is a method to group DHCP clients based on some shared characteristics other than the subnet in which the clients reside.
In an example application, DHCP clients are connected to two ports of a single switch. Each port can be configured to be part of two VLANs: VLAN1 and VLAN2. DHCP clients belong to either VLAN1 or VLAN2 and it is assumed that the switch can differentiate the VLAN that a particular DHCP Discover message belongs to (possibly through Layer 2 encapsulation). Each VLAN has its own subnet and all DHCP messages from the same VLAN (same switch) will have the giaddr field set to the same value indicating the subnet of the VLAN.
The problem is that for a DHCP client connecting to port 1 of VLAN1, it must be allocated an IP address from one range within the VLAN's subnet, whereas a DHCP client connecting to port 2 of VLAN1 must be allocated an IP address from another range. Both these two IP address ranges are part of the same subnet (and have the same subnet mask). In the normal DHCP address allocation, the DHCP server will look only at the giaddr field and thus will not be able to differentiate between the two ranges.
To solve this problem, a relay agent residing at the switch inserts the relay information option (option 82), which carries information specific to the port, and the DHCP server must inspect both the giaddr field and the inserted option 82 during the address selection process.
The Cisco IOS software will look up a pool based on IP address (giaddr or incoming interface IP address) and then match the request to a class or classes configured in the pool in the order the classes are specified in the DHCP pool configuration.
When a DHCP address pool has been configured with one or more DHCP classes, the pool becomes a restricted access pool, which means that no addresses will be allocated from the pool unless one or more of the classes in the pool is matched. This design allows DHCP classes to be used for either access control (no default class is configured on the pool) or to provide further address range partitions with the subnet of the pool.
Multiple pools can be configured with the same class, eliminating the need to configure the same pattern in multiple pools.
The following capabilities are supported for DHCP class-based address allocation:
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If the relay agent inserts option 82 but does not set the giaddr field in the DHCP packet, the DHCP server interface must be configured as a trusted interface by using the ip dhcp relay information trusted global configuration command. This configuration prevents the server from dropping the DHCP message.
Enabling Option 82 for DHCP Address Allocation
By default, the Cisco IOS DHCP server can use information provided by option 82 to allocate IP addresses. To reenable this capability if it has been disabled, perform the task described in this section.
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Troubleshooting Tips
If DHCP classes are configured in the pool, but the DHCP server does not make use of the classes, verify if the no ip dhcp use class command was configured.
Defining the DHCP Class and Relay Agent Information Patterns
Perform this task to define the DHCP class and relay agent information patterns.
Prerequisites
You must know the hexadecimal value of each byte location in option 82 to be able to configure the relay-information hex command. The option 82 format may vary from product to product. Contact the relay agent vendor for this information.
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Troubleshooting Tips
Use the debug ip dhcp server class command to display the class matching results.
Defining the DHCP Address Pool
Perform this task to define the DHCP address pool.
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Configuring a Static Route with the Next Hop Dynamically Obtained Through DHCP
Perform this task to configure a static route to use a DHCP default gateway as the next-hop router.
This task enables static routes to be assigned using a DHCP default gateway as the next-hop router. This behavior was not possible before the introduction of this feature because the gateway IP address is not known until after the DHCP address assignment. A static route could not be configured with the command-line interface (CLI) that used that DHCP-supplied address.
The static routes are installed in the routing table when the default gateway is assigned by the DHCP server. The routes remain in the routing table until the DHCP lease expires, at which time the routes are removed.
When a DHCP client releases an address, the corresponding static route (the route configured with the ip route command) is automatically removed from the routing table. If the DHCP router option (option 3 of the DHCP packet) changes during the client renewal, the DHCP default gateway changes to the new IP address supplied in the renewal.
This feature is particularly useful for VPN deployments such as Dynamic Multipoint VPNs (DMVPNs). This feature is useful when a nonphysical interface like a multipoint generic routing encapsulation (mGRE) tunnel is configured on the router and certain traffic needs to be excluded from going to the tunnel interface.
Prerequisites
Verify all DHCP client and server configuration steps. Ensure that the DHCP client and server are properly defined to supply a DHCP router option 3.
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Clearing DHCP Server Variables
Perform this task to clear DHCP server variables.
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Configuration Examples for the Cisco IOS DHCP Server
This section provides the following configuration examples:
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Configuring the DHCP Database Agent: Example
The following example shows how to store bindings on host 172.16.4.253. The file transfer protocol is FTP. The server should wait 2 minutes (120 seconds) before writing database changes.
ip dhcp database ftp://user:password@172.16.4.253/router-dhcp write-delay 120Excluding IP Addresses: Example
In the following example, server A and server B service the subnet 10.0.20.0/24. Splitting the subnet equally between the two servers, server A is configured to allocate IP addresses 10.0.20.1 to 10.0.20.125 and server B is configured to allocate IP addresses 10.0.20.126 to 10.0.20.254.
Server A
ip dhcp excluded-address 10.0.20.126 10.0.20.255!ip dhcp pool Anetwork 10.0.20.0 255.255.255.0Server B
ip dhcp excluded-address 10.0.20.0 10.0.20.125!ip dhcp pool Bnetwork 10.0.20.0 255.255.255.0Configuring DHCP Address Pools: Example
In the following example, three DHCP address pools are created: one in network 172.16.0.0, one in subnetwork 172.16.1.0, and one in subnetwork 172.16.2.0. Attributes from network 172.16.0.0—such as the domain name, DNS server, NetBIOS name server, and NetBIOS node type—are inherited in subnetworks 172.16.1.0 and 172.16.2.0. In each pool, clients are granted 30-day leases and all addresses in each subnetwork, except the excluded addresses, are available to the DHCP server for assigning to clients. Table 2 lists the IP addresses for the devices in three DHCP address pools.
ip dhcp database ftp://user:password@172.16.4.253/router-dhcp write-delay 120ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.1.100 172.16.1.103ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.2.100 172.16.2.103!ip dhcp pool 0network 172.16.0.0 /16domain-name cisco.comdns-server 172.16.1.102 172.16.2.102netbios-name-server 172.16.1.103 172.16.2.103netbios-node-type h-node!ip dhcp pool 1network 172.16.1.0 /24default-router 172.16.1.100 172.16.1.101lease 30!ip dhcp pool 2network 172.16.2.0 /24default-router 172.16.2.100 172.16.2.101lease 30Configuring a DHCP Address Pool with Multiple Disjoint Subnets: Example
Multiple disjoint subnets in a DHCP pool can be used in any of the following network topologies:
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In the following example, one DHCP address pool named pool3 is created; the primary subnet is 172.16.0.0/16, one secondary subnet is 172.16.1.0/24, and another secondary subnet is 172.16.2.0/24.
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Table 3 lists the IP addresses for the devices in the DHCP address pool that consists of three disjoint subnets.
ip dhcp database ftp://user:password@172.16.4.253/router-dhcp write-delay 120ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.0.100 172.16.1.103ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.1.100 172.16.1.101!ip dhcp pool pool3network 172.16.0.0 /16default-router 172.16.0.100 172.16.2.101 172.16.0.102 172.16.0.103domain-name cisco.comdns-server 172.16.1.102 172.16.2.102netbios-name-server 172.16.1.103 172.16.2.103netbios-node-type h-nodelease 30!network 172.16.1.0 /24 secondaryoverride default-router 172.16.1.100 172.16.1.101end!network 172.16.2.0 /24 secondaryConfiguring Manual Bindings: Example
The following example shows how to create a manual binding for a client named example1.cisco.com that sends a client identifier in the DHCP packet. The MAC address of the client is 02c7.f800.0422 and the IP address of the client is 172.16.2.254.
ip dhcp pool pool1host 172.16.2.254client-identifier 01b7.0813.8811.66client-name example1The following example shows how to create a manual binding for a client named example2.cisco.com that do not send a client identifier in the DHCP packet. The MAC address of the client is 02c7.f800.0422 and the IP address of the client is 172.16.2.253.
ip dhcp pool pool2host 172.16.2.253hardware-address 02c7.f800.0422 ethernetclient-name example1Because attributes are inherited, the two preceding configurations are equivalent to the following:
ip dhcp pool pool1host 172.16.2.254 255.255.255.0hardware-address 02c7.f800.0422 ieee802client-name client1default-router 172.16.2.100 172.16.2.101domain-name cisco.comdns-server 172.16.1.102 172.16.2.102netbios-name-server 172.16.1.103 172.16.2.103netbios-node-type h-nodeConfiguring Static Mapping: Example
The following example shows how to restart the DHCP server, configure the pool, and specify the URL at which the static mapping text file is stored:
no service dhcpservice dhcpip dhcp pool abcpoolorigin file tftp://10.1.0.1/staticfilename
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tftp-server flash static-filename
Configuring the Option to Ignore all BOOTP Requests: Example
The following example shows two DHCP pools that are configured on the router and that the router's DHCP server is configured to ignore all received BOOTP requests. If a BOOTP request is received from subnet 10.0.18.0/24, the request will be dropped by the router (because the ip helper-address command is not configured). If there is a BOOTP request from subnet 192.168.1.0/24, the request will be forwarded to 172.16.1.1 via the ip helper-address command.
version 12.2service timestamps debug uptimeservice timestamps log uptimeno service password-encryption!hostname Router!ip subnet-zero!ip dhcp bootp ignore!ip dhcp pool ABCnetwork 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0default-router 192.168.1.3lease 2!ip dhcp pool DEFnetwork 10.0.18.0 255.255.255.0!ip cef!interface FastEthernet0/0no ip addressshutdownduplex half!interface Ethernet1/0ip address 10.0.18.68 255.255.255.0duplex half!interface Ethernet1/1ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0ip helper-address 172.16.1.1duplex half!interface Ethernet1/2shutdownduplex half!interface Ethernet1/3no ip addressshutdownduplex half!interface FastEthernet2/0no ip addressshutdownduplex half!ip route 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.255 e1/0no ip http serverno ip pim bidir-enable!call rsvp-sync!mgcp profile default!dial-peer cor custom!gatekeepershutdown!line con 0line aux 0line vty 0 4!endImporting DHCP Options: Example
The following example shows a remote and central server configured to support the importing of DHCP options. The central server is configured to automatically update DHCP options, such as DNS and WINS addresses, within the DHCP pools. In response to a DHCP request from a local client behind CPE equipment, the remote server can request or "import" these option parameters from the centralized server. See Figure 1 for a diagram of the network topology.
Figure 1 DHCP Example Network Topology
Central Router
!do not assign this range to DHCP clientsip dhcp-excluded address 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.5!ip dhcp pool central! Specifies network number and mask for DHCP clientsnetwork 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0! Specifies the domain name for the clientdomain-name central! Specifies DNS server that will respond to DHCP clients when they need to correlate host ! name to ip addressdns-server 10.0.0.2!Specifies the NETBIOS WINS servernetbios-name-server 10.0.0.2!interface FastEthernet0/0ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0duplex autospeed autoRemote Router
ip dhcp pool client! Imports DHCP option parameters into DHCP server databaseimport allnetwork 172.16.2.254 255.255.255.0!interface FastEthernet0/0ip address dhcpduplex autospeed autoConfiguring DHCP Address Allocation Using Option 82: Example
This example configures two DHCP classes. CLASS1 defines the group of DHCP clients whose address requests contain the relay agent information option with the specified hexadecimal values. CLASS2 defines the group of DHCP clients whose address requests contain the configured relay agent information suboptions. CLASS3 has no pattern configured and is treated as a "match to any" class. This type of class is useful for specifying a "default" class.
In the following example, the subnet of pool ABC has been divided into three ranges without further subnetting of the 10.0.20.0/24 subnet. If there is a DHCP Discover message from the 10.0.20.0/24 subnet with option 82 matching that of class CLASS1, an available address in the range from 10.0.20.1 to 10.0.20.100 will be allocated. If there is no free address in CLASS1's address range, the DHCP Discover message will be matched against CLASS2, and so on.
Thus, each class in the DHCP pool will be examined for a match in the order configured by the user. In pool ABC, the order of matching is CLASS1, CLASS2, and finally CLASS3. In pool DEF, class CLASS2 does not have any address range configured. By default, the address range for a particular class is the pool's entire subnets. Therefore, clients matching CLASS2 may be allocated addresses from 11.0.20.1 to 11.0.20.254.
Multiple pools can be configured with the same class, eliminating the need to configure the same patterns in multiple pools. In the future, further classification method may be implemented. For example, there may be a need to specify that one or more pools should be used only to service a particular class of devices (for example, cable modems and IP phones).
! Defines the DHCP classes and relay information patternsip dhcp class CLASS1relay agent informationrelay-information hex 01030a0b0c02050000000123relay-information hex 01030a0b0c02*relay-information hex 01030a0b0c02050000000000 bitmask 0000000000000000000000FFip dhcp class CLASS2relay agent informationrelay-information hex 01040102030402020102relay-information hex 01040101030402020102ip dhcp class CLASS3relay agent information! Associates the DHCP pool with DHCP classesip dhcp pool ABCnetwork 10.0.20.0 255.255.255.0class CLASS1address range 10.0.20.1 10.0.20.100class CLASS2address range 10.0.20.101 10.0.20.200class CLASS3address range 10.0.20.201 10.0.20.254ip dhcp pool DEFnetwork 172.64.2.2 255.255.255.0class CLASS1address range 172.64.2.3 172.64.2.10class CLASS2Configuring a Static Route with the Next-Hop Dynamically Obtained Through DHCP: Example
The following example shows how to configure two Ethernet interfaces to obtain the next-hop router IP address from the DHCP server:
ip route 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0 dhcp 200ip route 10.10.20.1 255.255.255.255 ethernet 1 dhcpAdditional References
The following sections provide references related to configuring the Cisco IOS DHCP server.
Related Documents
DHCP commands: complete command syntax, command mode, command history, defaults, usage guidelines, and examples
DHCP conceptual information
"DHCP Overview" module
DHCP relay agent configuration
DHCP server on-demand address pools
"Configuring the DHCP Server On-Demand Address Pool Manager" module
DHCP client configuration
DHCP advanced features
"Configuring DHCP Services for Accounting and Security" module
DHCP enhancements for edge-session management
"Configuring DHCP Enhancements for Edge-Session Management" module
DHCP options
"DHCP Options" appendix in the Network Registrar User's Guide, Release 6.1.1
Standards
MIBs
RFCs
Technical Assistance
Feature Information for the Cisco IOS DHCP Server
Table 4 lists the features in this module and provides links to specific configuration information. Only features that were introduced or modified in Cisco IOS Release 12.2(1) or a later release appear in the table.
Not all commands may be available in your Cisco IOS software release. For details on when support for a specific command was introduced, see the command reference documentation.
For information on a feature in this technology that is not documented here, see the "DHCP Features Roadmap".
Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and software image support. Cisco Feature Navigator enables you to determine which Cisco IOS and Catalyst OS software images support a specific software release, feature set, or platform. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.
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Table 4 Feature Information for the Cisco IOS DHCP Server
DHCP Address Allocation Using Option 82
12.3(4)T
12.2(28)SB
12.2(33)SRBThe Cisco IOS DHCP server can allocate dynamic IP addresses based on the relay information option (option 82) information sent by the relay agent.
The following sections provide information about this feature:
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The following commands were introduced or modified: address range, class, ip dhcp class, ip dhcp use class, relay agent information, relay-information hex.
DHCP Server Import All Enhancement
12.2(15)T
12.2(33)SRCThe feature is an enhancement to the import all global configuration command. Before this feature was introduced, the options imported through the import all command were overwritten by those imported by another subsystem. Through this feature, options imported by multiple subsystems can coexist in the DHCP address pool. When the session is terminated or the lease is released, the imported options are cleared.
The following sections provide information about this feature:
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DHCP Server Multiple Subnet
12.4(15)T
12.2(33)SRBThis feature enables multiple subnets to be configured under the same DHCP address pool.
The following sections provide information about this feature:
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The following commands were introduced or modified: network (DHCP), override default-router.
DHCP Server Option to Ignore all BOOTP Requests
12.2(8)T
12.2(28)SBThis feature allows the Cisco IOS DHCP server to selectively ignore and not reply to received Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) request packets.
The following sections provide information about this feature:
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The following command was introduced or modified: ip dhcp bootp ignore.
DHCP Static Mapping
12.3(11)T
12.2(28)SB
12.2(33)SRCConfiguring static mapping pools enables the DHCP server to read the static bindings from a separate text file (similar in format to the DHCP database file) that is stored in these special pools.
The following sections provide information about this feature:
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The following command was introduced or modified: origin.
DHCP Statically Configured Routes Using a DHCP Gateway
12.3(8)T
12.2(28)S
12.2(33)SRCThis feature enables the configuration of static routes that point to an assigned DHCP next-hop router.
The following sections provide information about this feature:
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The following commands were introduced or modified: ip route, show ip route.
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Any Internet Protocol (IP) addresses used in this document are not intended to be actual addresses. Any examples, command display output, and figures included in the document are shown for illustrative purposes only. Any use of actual IP addresses in illustrative content is unintentional and coincidental.
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