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Table Of Contents
Information About IP Addresses
IP Network Address Assignments
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
Establishing IP Connectivity to a Network by Assigning an IP Address to an Interface
Increasing the Number of IP Hosts that Are Supported on a Network by Using Secondary IP Addresses
Maximizing the Number of Available IP Subnets by Allowing the use of IP Subnet Zero
Specifying the Format of Network Masks
Specify the Format in Which Netmasks Appear for the Current Session
Specify the Format in Which Netmasks Appear for an Individual Line
Configuration Examples for IP Addresses
Establishing IP Connectivity to a Network by Assigning an IP Address to an Interface: Example
Maximizing the Number of Available IP Subnets by Allowing the use of IP Subnet Zero: Example
Feature Information for IP Addresses
Configuring IPv4 Addresses
First Published: December 14th, 2007Last Updated: May 4, 2009This chapter contains information about and instructions for configuring IPv4 addresses on interfaces that are part of a networking device.
Note
All further references to IPv4 addresses in this document use only IP in the text, not IPv4.
Finding Feature Information
For the latest feature information and caveats, see the release notes for your platform and software release. To find information about the features documented in this module, and to see a list of the releases in which each feature is supported, see the "Feature Information for IP Addresses" section.
Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and Cisco IOS XE and Cisco IOS XE software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.
Contents
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Information About IP Addresses
To configure IP addresses, you should understand the following concepts:
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Binary Numbering
IP addresses are 32 bits long. The 32 bits are divided into four octets (8-bits). A basic understanding of binary numbering is very helpful if you are going to manage IP addresses in a network because changes in the values of the 32 bits indicate either a different IP network address or IP host address.
A value in binary is represented by the number (0 or 1) in each position multiplied by the number 2 to the power of the position of the number in sequence, starting with 0 and increasing to 7, working right to left. Figure 1 is an example of an 8-digit binary number.
Figure 1 Example of an 8-digit Binary Number
Figure 2 provides binary to decimal number conversion for 0 through 255.
Figure 2 Binary to Decimal Number Conversion for 0 to 134
Figure 3 provides binary to decimal number conversion for 135 through 255.
Figure 3 Binary to Decimal Number Conversion for 135 to 255
IP Address Structure
An IP host address identifies a device to which IP packets can be sent. An IP network address identifies a specific network segment to which one or more hosts can be connected. The following are characteristics of IP addresses:
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Table 1 shows some examples of IP addresses.
Note
IP addresses are further subdivided into two sections known as network and host. The division is accomplished by arbitrarily ranges of IP addresses to classes. For more information see RFC 791 Internet Protocol at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0791.txt.
IP Address Classes
In order to provide some structure to the way IP addresses are assigned, IP addresses are grouped into classes. Each class has a range of IP addresses. The range of IP addresses in each class is determined by the number of bits allocated to the network section of the 32-bit IP address. The number of bits allocated to the network section is represented by a mask written in dotted decimal or with the abbreviation /n where n = the numbers of bits in the mask.
Table 2 lists ranges of IP addresses by class and the masks associated with each class. The digits in bold indicate the network section of the IP address for each class. The remaining digits are available for host IP addresses. For example, IP address 10.90.45.1 with a mask of 255.0.0.0 is broken down into a network IP address of 10.0.0.0 and a host IP address of 0.90.45.1.
Table 2 IP Address Ranges by Class with Masks
A (range/mask in dotted decimal)
0.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.0/8 (255.0.0.0)
A (range in binary)
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 to
01111111.00000000.00000000.00000000A (mask in binary)
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000/8
B (range/mask in dotted decimal)
128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0/16 (255.255.0.0)
B (range in binary)
10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 to
10111111.11111111.00000000.00000000B (mask in binary)
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000/16
C (range/mask in dotted decimal)
192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0/24 (255.255.255.0)
C (range in binary)
11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 to
11011111.11111111.11111111.00000000C (mask in binary)
11111111.11111111.11111111.0000000/24
D1 (range/mask in dotted decimal)
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255/32 (255.255.255.255)
D (range in binary)
11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000 to
11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111D (mask in binary)
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111/32
E2 (range/mask in dotted decimal)
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255/32 (255.255.255.255)
E (range in binary)
11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000 to
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111E (mask in binary)
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111/32
1 Class D IP addresses are reserved for multicast applications.
2 Class E IP addresses are reserved for broadcast traffic.
Note
When a digit that falls within the network mask changes from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1 the network address is changed. For example, if you change 10101100.00010000.01011001.00100010/16 to 10101100.00110000.01011001.00100010/16 you have changed the network address from 172.16.89.34/16 to 172.48.89.34/16.
When a digit that falls outside the network mask changes from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1 the host address is changed. For example, if you change 10101100.00010000.01011001.00100010/16 to 10101100.00010000.01011001.00100011/16 you have changed the host address from 172.16.89.34/16 to 172.16.89.35/16.
Each class of IP address supports a specific range of IP network addresses and IP host addresses. The range of IP network addresses available for each class is determined with the formula 2 to the power of the number of available bits. In the case of class A addresses, the value of the first bit in the 1st octet (as shown in Table 2) is fixed at 0. This leaves 7 bits for creating additional network addresses. Therefore there are 128 IP network addresses available for class A (27 = 128).
The number of IP host addresses available for an IP address class is determined by the formula 2 to the power of the number of available bits minus 2. There are 24 bits available in a class A addresses for IP host addresses. Therefore there are 16,777,214 IP hosts addresses available for class A ((224) - 2 = 16,777,214)).
Note
Table 3 shows the network and host addresses available for each class of IP address.
Table 3 Network and Host Addresses Available for Each Class of IP Address
A
128
16,777,214
B
16,3841
65534
C
2,097,1522
254
1 There are only 14 bits available for class B IP network addresses because the first 2 bits are fixed at 10 as shown in Table 2.
2 There are only 21 bits available for class C IP network addresses because the first 3bits are fixed at 110 as shown in Table 2.
IP Network Subnetting
The arbitrary subdivision of network and host bits in IP address classes resulted in an inefficient allocation of IP space. For example, if your network has 16 separate physical segments you will need 16 IP network addresses. If you use 16 class B IP network addresses, you would be able to support 65,534 hosts on each of the physical segments. Your total number of supported host IP addresses is 1,048,544 (16 * 65,534 = 1,048,544). Very few network technologies can scale to having 65,534 hosts on a single network segment. Very few companies need 1,048,544 IP host addresses. This problem required the development of a new strategy that permitted the subdivision of IP network addresses into smaller groupings of IP subnetwork addresses. This strategy is known as subnetting.
If your network has 16 separate physical segments you will need 16 IP subnetwork addresses. This can be accomplished with one class B IP address. For example, start with the class B IP address of 172.16.0.0 you can reserve 4 bits from the third octet as subnet bits. This gives you 16 subnet IP addresses 24 = 16. Table 4 shows the IP subnets for 172.16.0.0/20.
Table 4 Examples of IP Subnet Addresses using 172.16.0.0/20
01
172.16.0.0
10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000
1
172.16.16.0
10101100.00010000.00010000.00000000
2
172.16.32.0
10101100.00010000.00100000.00000000
3
172.16.48.0
10101100.00010000.00110000.00000000
4
172.16.64.0
10101100.00010000.01000000.00000000
5
172.16.80.0
10101100.00010000.01010000.00000000
6
172.16.96.0
10101100.00010000.01100000.00000000
7
172.16.112.0
10101100.00010000.01110000.00000000
8
172.16.128.0
10101100.00010000.10000000.00000000
9
172.16.144.0
10101100.00010000.10010000.00000000
10
172.16.160.0
10101100.00010000.10100000.00000000
11
172.16.176.0
10101100.00010000.10110000.00000000
12
172.16.192.0
10101100.00010000.11000000.00000000
13
172.16.208.0
10101100.00010000.11010000.00000000
14
172.16.224.0
10101100.00010000.11100000.00000000
15
172.16.240.0
10101100.00010000.11110000.00000000
1 The first subnet that has all of the subnet bits set to 0 is referred to as subnet 0. It is indistinguishable from the network address and must be used carefully.
When a digit that falls within the subnetwork (subnet) mask changes from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1 the subnetwork address is changed. For example, if you change 10101100.00010000.01011001.00100010/20 to 10101100.00010000.01111001.00100010/20 you have changed the network address from 172.16.89.34/20 to 172.48.121.34/20.
When a digit that falls outside the subnet mask changes from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1 the host address is changed. For example, if you change 10101100.00010000.01011001.00100010/20 to 10101100.00010000.01011001.00100011/20 you have changed the host address from 172.16.89.34/20 to 172.16.89.35/20.
Timesaver
Some people get confused about the terms network address and subnet or subnetwork addresses and when to use them. In the most general sense the term network address means "the IP address that routers use to route traffic to a specific network segment so that the intended destination IP host on that segment can receive it". Therefore the term network address can apply to both non-subnetted and subnetted IP network addresses. When you are troubleshooting problems with forwarding traffic from a router to a specific IP network address that is actually a subnetted network address, it can help to be more specific by referring to the destination network address as a subnet network address because some routing protocols handle advertising subnet network routes differently from network routes. For example, the default behavior for RIP v2 is to automatically summarize the subnet network addresses that it is connected to their non-subnetted network addresses (172.16.32.0/24 is advertised by RIP v2 as 172.16.0.0/16) when sending routing updates to other routers. Therefore the other routers might have knowledge of the IP network addresses in the network, but not the subnetted network addresses of the IP network addresses.
Tip
IP Network Address Assignments
Routers keep track of IP network addresses to understand the network IP topology (layer 3 of the OSI reference model) of the network to ensure that IP traffic can be routed properly. In order for the routers to understand the network layer (IP) topology, every individual physical network segment that is separated from any other physical network segment by a router must have a unique IP network address.
Figure 4 shows an example of a simple network with correctly configured IP network addresses. The routing table in R1 looks like Table 5.
Table 5 Routing Table for a Correctly Configured Network
172.31.32.0/24 (Connected)
172.31.16.0/24 (Connected)
Figure 4 Correctly Configured Network
Figure 5 shows an example of a simple network with incorrectly configured IP network addresses. The routing table in R1 looks like Table 6. If the PC with IP address 172.31.32.3 attempts to send IP traffic to the PC with IP address 172.31.32.54, router R1 cannot determine which interface that the PC with IP address 172.31.32.54 is connected to.
Table 6 Routing Table in Router R1 for an Incorrectly Configured Network (Example 1)
172.31.32.0/24 (Connected)
172.31.32.0/24 (Connected)
Figure 5 Incorrectly Configured Network (Example 1)
To help prevent mistakes as shown in Figure 5, Cisco IOS XE-based networking devices will not allow you to configure the same IP network address on two or more interfaces in the router when IP routing is enabled.
The only way to prevent the mistake shown in Figure 6, where 172.16.31.0/24 is used in R2 and R3, is to have very accurate network documentation that shows where you have assigned IP network addresses.
Figure 6 Incorrectly Configured Network (example 2)
Fore a more thorough explanation of IP routing, see the "Related Documents" section for a list of documents related to IP routing.
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
Due to the continuing increase in internet use and the limitations on how IP addresses can be assigned using the class structure shown in Table 2, a more flexible method for allocating IP addresses was required. The new method is documented in RFC 1519 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): an Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy. CIDR allows network administrators to apply arbitrary masks to IP addresses to create an IP addressing plan that meets the requirements of the networks that they administrate.
For more information on CIDR, refer to RFC 1519 at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1519.txt).
Prefixes
The term prefix is often used to refer to the number of bits of an IP network address that are of importance for building routing tables. If you are using only classful (strict adherence to A, B, and C network address boundaries) IP addresses, the prefixes are the same as the masks for the classes of addresses. For example, using classful IP addressing, a class C IP network address such as 192.168.10.0 uses a 24-bit mask (/24 or 255.255.255.0) and can also be said to have a 24-bit prefix.
If you are using CIDR, the prefixes are arbitrarily assigned to IP network addresses based on how you want to populate the routing tables in your network. For example, a group of class C IP addresses such as 192.168.10.0, 192.168.11.0, 192.168.12.0, 192.168.13.0 can be advertised as a single route to 192.168.0.0 with a 16-bit prefix (192.168.0.0/16). This results in a 4:1 reduction in the number of routes that the routers in your network need to manage.
How to Configure IP Addresses
This section contains the following tasks:
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Establishing IP Connectivity to a Network by Assigning an IP Address to an Interface
Perform this task to configure an IP address on an interface.
SUMMARY STEPS
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DETAILED STEPS
Troubleshooting Tips
The following commands can help troubleshoot IP addressing:
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Increasing the Number of IP Hosts that Are Supported on a Network by Using Secondary IP Addresses
If you have a situation in which you need to connect more IP hosts to a network segment and you have used all of the available IP host addresses for the subnet to which you have assigned the segment, you can avoid having to readdress all of the hosts with a different subnet by adding a second IP network address to the network segment.
Perform this task to configure a secondary IP address on an interface.
SUMMARY STEPS
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DETAILED STEPS
Troubleshooting Tips
The following commands can help troubleshoot IP addressing:
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What to Do Next
If your network has two or more routers and you have already configured a routing protocol, make certain that the other routers can reach the new IP network that you assigned. You might need to modify the configuration for the routing protocol on the router so that it advertises the new network. Consult the Cisco IOS XE IP Routing Configuration Guide for information on configuring routing protocols:
Reducing the Number of IP Addresses Required to Establish IP Connectivity by Using IP Unnumbered on Point-to-Point WAN Interfaces
If you have a limited number of IP network or subnet addresses and you have point-to-point WANs in your network, you can use the IP Unnumbered Interfaces feature to enable IP connectivity on the point-to-point WAN interfaces without actually assigning an IP address to them.
Perform this task to configure the IP Unnumbered Interfaces feature on a point-to-point WAN interface.
IP Unnumbered Feature
The IP Unnumbered Interfaces feature enables IP processing on a point-to-point WAN interface without assigning it an explicit IP address. The IP unnumbered point-to-point WAN interface uses the IP address of another interface to enable IP connectivity, which conserves network addresses.
Restrictions
The following restrictions apply to the IP Unnumbered Interfaces feature:
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SUMMARY STEPS
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DETAILED STEPS
Troubleshooting Tips
The following commands can help troubleshoot IP addressing:
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Reducing the Number of IP Addresses Required to Establish IP Connectivity by Using IP addresses with 31-Bit Prefixes on Point-to-Point WAN Interfaces
You can reduce the number of IP subnets used by networking devices to establish IP connectivity to point-to-point WANs that they are connected to by using IP Addresses with 31-bit Prefixes as defined in RFC 3021.
Perform this task to configure an IP address with a 31-bit prefix on a point-to-point WAN interface.
RFC 3021
Prior to RFC 3021, Using 31-bit Prefixes on IPv4 Point-to-Point Links, many network administrators assigned IP address with a 30-bit subnet mask (255.255.255.252) to point-to-point interfaces to conserve IP address space. Although this practice does conserve IP address space compared to assigning IP addresses with shorter subnet masks such as 255.255.255.240, IP addresses with a 30-bit subnet mask still require four addresses per link: two host addresses (one for each host interface on the link), one all-zeros network address, and one all-ones broadcast network address.
Table 8 shows an example of the four IP addresses that are created when a 30-bit (otherwise known as 255.255.255.252 or /30) subnet mask is applied to the IP address 192.168.100.4. The bits that are used to specify the host IP addresses in bold.
Point-to-point links only have two endpoints (hosts) and do not require broadcast support because any packet that is transmitted by one host is always received by the other host. Therefore the all-ones broadcast IP address is not required for a point-to-point interface.
The simplest way to explain RFC 3021 is to say that the use of a 31-bit prefix (created by applying a 31-bit subnet mask to an IP address) allows the all-zeros and all-ones IP addresses to be assigned as host addresses on point-to-point networks. Prior to RFC 3021 the longest prefix in common use on point-to-point links was 30-bits, which meant that the all-zeros and all-ones IP addresses were wasted.
Table 9 shows an example of the two IP addresses that are created when a 31-bit (otherwise known as 255.255.255.254 or /31) subnet mask is applied to the IP address 192.168.100.4. The bit that is used to specify the host IP addresses in bold
The complete text for RFC 3021 is available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3021.txt.
Prerequisites
You must have classless IP addressing configured on your networking device before you configure an IP address with a 31-bit prefix on a point-to-point interface. Classless IP addressing is enabled by default in many versions of Cisco IOS software. If you are not certain that your networking device has IP classless addressing configured, enter the ip classless command in global configuration mode to enable it.
Restrictions
This task can only be performed on point-to-point (non-multi-access) WAN interfaces.
SUMMARY STEPS
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DETAILED STEPS
Troubleshooting Tips
The following commands can help troubleshoot IP addressing:
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Maximizing the Number of Available IP Subnets by Allowing the use of IP Subnet Zero
If you using subnetting in your network and you are running out of network addresses, you can configure your networking device to allow the configuration of subnet zero. This adds one more usable network address for every subnet in your IP addressing scheme. Table 4 shows the IP subnets (including subnet 0) for 172.16.0.0/20.
Perform this task to enable the use of IP subnet zero on your networking device.
SUMMARY STEPS
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DETAILED STEPS
Troubleshooting Tips
The following commands can help troubleshoot IP addressing:
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Specifying the Format of Network Masks
By default, show commands display an IP address and then its netmask in dotted decimal notation. For example, a subnet would be displayed as 131.108.11.55 255.255.255.0.
You might find it more convenient to display the network mask in hexadecimal format or bit count format instead. The hexadecimal format is commonly used on UNIX systems. The previous example would be displayed as 131.108.11.55 0XFFFFFF00.
The bit count format for displaying network masks is to append a slash (/) and the total number of bits in the netmask to the address itself. The previous example would be displayed as 131.108.11.55/24.
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Specify the Format in Which Netmasks Appear for the Current Session
Perform this task to specify the format in which netmasks appear for the current session.
SUMMARY STEPS
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DETAILED STEPS
Specify the Format in Which Netmasks Appear for an Individual Line
Perform this task to specify the format in which netmasks appear for an individual line.
SUMMARY STEPS
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DETAILED STEPS
Configuration Examples for IP Addresses
This section provides the following configuration examples:
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Establishing IP Connectivity to a Network by Assigning an IP Address to an Interface: Example
The following example configures an IP address on three interfaces:
!interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0no shutdownip address 172.16.16.1 255.255.240.0!interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1no shutdownip address 172.16.32.1 255.255.240.0!interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2no shutdownip address 172.16.48.1 255.255.240.0!Increasing the Number of IP Hosts that are Supported on a Network by Using Secondary IP Addresses: Example
The following example configures secondary IP addresses on three interfaces:
!interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0no shutdownip address 172.16.16.1 255.255.240.0ip address 172.16.32.1 255.255.240.0 secondary!!interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1no shutdownip address 172.17.16.1 255.255.240.0ip address 172.17.32.1 255.255.240.0 secondary!!interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2no shutdownip address 172.18.16.1 255.255.240.0ip address 172.18.32.1 255.255.240.0 secondary!Reducing the Number of IP Addresses Required to Establish IP Connectivity by Using IP Unnumbered on Point-to-Point WAN Interfaces: Example
The following example configures the unnumbered IP feature on three interfaces:
!interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0no shutdownip address 172.16.16.1 255.255.240.0!interface serial0/0/0no shutdownip unnumbered GigabitEthernet0/0/0!interface serial0/0/1no shutdownip unnumbered GigabitEthernet0/0/0!interface serial0/0/2no shutdownip unnumbered fastethernet0/0!Reducing the Number of IP Addresses Required to Establish IP Connectivity by Using IP addresses with 31-Bit Prefixes on Point-to-Point WAN Interfaces: Example
The following example configures 31-bit prefixes on two interfaces:
!ip classless!interface serial0/0/0no shutdownip address 192.168.100.2 255.255.255.254!!interface serial0/0/1no shutdownip address 192.168.100.4 255.255.255.254Maximizing the Number of Available IP Subnets by Allowing the use of IP Subnet Zero: Example
The following example enables subnet zero:
!interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0no shutdownip address 172.16.16.1 255.255.240.0!ip subnet-zero!Where to Go Next
If your network has two or more routers and you have not already configured a routing protocol, consult the appropriate Cisco IOS XE IP Routing Configuration Guides, for details on configuring routing protocols.
Additional References
The following sections provide references related to IP Addresses.
Related Documents
Standards
No new or modified standards are supported, and support for existing standards has not been modified
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MIBs
No new or modified MIBs are supported, and support for existing MIBs has not been modified
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RFCs
RFC 791
Internet Protocol
RFC 1338
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): an Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1519.txtRFC 1466
Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1466.txtRFC 1716
Towards Requirements for IP Routers
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1716.txtRFC 1918
Address Allocation for Private Internets
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1918.txtRFC 3330
Special-Use IP Addresses
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3330.txt
1 These references are only a sample of the many RFCs available on subjects related to IP addressing and IP routing. Refer to the IETF RFC site at http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html for a full list of RFCs.
Technical Assistance
Feature Information for IP Addresses
Table 10 lists the features in this module and provides links to specific configuration information.
Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and software image support. Cisco Feature Navigator enables you to determine which Cisco IOS XE software images support a specific software release, feature set, or platform. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.
Note
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