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Cisco IOS Software Releases 12.0 T

MultiNode Load Balancing Forwarding Agent feature, 12.0(5)T

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Table Of Contents

MultiNode Load Balancing Forwarding Agent

Feature Overview

Benefits

Restrictions

Related Features and Technologies

Related Documents

Supported Platforms

Supported Standards, MIBs, and RFCs

Prerequisites

Configuration Tasks

Enabling Cisco Express Forwarding

Enabling NetFlow Switching

Enabling IP Multicast Routing

Configuring the Router as an MNLB Forwarding Agent

Monitoring the MNLB Forwarding Agent

Configuration Examples

Command Reference

forwarding-agent

Syntax Description

Defaults

Command Modes

Command History

Examples

Related Commands

forwarding-agent pool

Syntax Description

Defaults

Command Modes

Command History

Examples

Related Commands

ip casa

Syntax Description

Defaults

Command Modes

Command History

Examples

Related Commands

show ip casa affinities

Syntax Description

Command Modes

Command History

Examples

Related Commands

show ip casa oper

Syntax Description

Command Modes

Command History

Examples

Related Commands

show ip casa stats

Syntax Description

Command Modes

Command History

Examples

Related Commands

show ip casa wildcard

Syntax Description

Command Modes

Command History

Examples

Related Commands

debug ip casa affinities

Syntax Description

Defaults

Command History

Examples

debug ip casa packets

Syntax Description

Defaults

Command History

Examples

debug ip casa wildcards

Syntax Description

Defaults

Command History

Examples

Glossary


MultiNode Load Balancing Forwarding Agent

12.0(5)T

December 17, 1999

Feature Overview

The MultiNode Load Balancing (MNLB) forwarding agent is the IOS-based packet redirector component of the MNLD Feature Set for LocalDirector, a product in the Cisco family of load balancing solutions.

The forwarding agent discovers the destination of specific connection requests and forwards packets between the client and the chosen destination. When a forwarding agent receives a connection request, the request is forwarded to the MNLB services manager, the LocalDirector-based component of the MNLD Feature Set for LocalDirector. The services manager makes the load balancing decision and sends the forwarding agent the optimal destination. After the destination is specified, session data is forwarded directly to the destination by the forwarding agent, without further services manager participation. There is no limit to the number of forwarding agents that can be configured in the MNLD Feature Set for LocalDirector.

Benefits

The MNLD Feature Set for LocalDirector comprises hardware and software that runs on multiple network components. The services manager runs on Cisco's LocalDirector chassis and makes the load-balancing decisions. The forwarding agents run on Cisco IOS router and switch platforms and forward packets to and from the selected destination. Separating the decision-making and packet-forwarding tasks enables much faster packet throughput. The underlying Cisco architecture, ContentFlow architecture, enables high availability, unbounded scalability, application-aware balancing, no single point of failure, and unmatched performance.

Restrictions

Configure the forwarding agent only if you are installing the MNLD Feature Set for LocalDirector. If you are installing the MNLD Feature Set for LocalDirector, refer to the MultiNode Load Balancing Feature Set for LocalDirector User Guide for information about which other hardware and software components are required.

Related Features and Technologies

The MNLB forwarding agent is an implementation of Cisco's ContentFlow architecture flow delivery agent (FDA).

Related Documents

Refer to the MultiNode Load Balancing Feature Set for LocalDirector User Guide for more information about how the forwarding agent is configured and for more information about the product.

Supported Platforms

This feature is supported on these platforms:

•Cisco 7500 series

•Cisco 7200 series

•Cisco Cat5000/RSM

•Cisco 4700

•Cisco 3600 series

Supported Standards, MIBs, and RFCs

This feature supports the following MIB:

•cisco-casa-fa-mib.my

For descriptions of supported MIBs and how to use MIBs, see the Cisco MIB web site on CCO at http://www.cisco.com/public/sw-center/netmgmt/cmtk/mibs.shtml.

No RFCs are supported by this feature.

Prerequisites

MNLD Feature Set for LocalDirector requires Cisco LocalDirector release 3.1.1 or higher and Cisco IOS Release 12.0(5)T.

Configuration Tasks

The following sections describe forwarding agent configuration tasks:

•Enabling Cisco Express Forwarding

•Enabling NetFlow Switching

•Enabling IP Multicast Routing

•Configuring the Router as an MNLB Forwarding Agent

Enabling Cisco Express Forwarding

Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) is advanced Layer 3 IP switching technology. CEF optimizes network performance and scalability for networks with large and dynamic traffic patterns, such as the Internet, on networks characterized by intensive Web-based applications, or interactive sessions.

To enable CEF, use the following command in global configuration mode:

Command
Purpose 
Router(config) ip cef distributed

Enables CEF.


Note   When you enable CEF globally, all interfaces that support CEF are enabled by default. If you want to turn off CEF on a particular interface, you can do so.

Enabling NetFlow Switching

You must enable NetFlow switching on all interfaces that will carry ContentFlow traffic. To enable NetFlow switching, use the following commands, beginning in interface configuration mode:

Step
Command
Purpose

1 

Router(config-if)# interface type 
slot/port-adapter/port

(Cisco  7500 series routers)

Router(config-if)# interface type slot/port 
(Cisco 7200 series routers

Specifies the interface, and enters interface configuration mode.

2 

Router(config-if)# ip route-cache flow

Enables flow switching on the interface.


Normally the size of the NetFlow cache will meet your needs. However, you can increase or decrease the number of entries maintained in the cache by using the following command in global configuration mode

Command
Purpose 
Router(config)# ip flow-cache entries number

Changes the number of entries maintained in the NetFlow cache. The number of entries can be 1024 to 524288. The default is 64536.


Enabling IP Multicast Routing

You must enable multicast routing on all interfaces to the services manager.

To enable multicast routing on all interfaces, use the following command in global configuration mode:

Command
Purpose 
Router(config)# ip multicast routing

Enables multicast routing.


To have the router join a multicast group and enable IGMP, use the following command in interface configuration mode:

Command
Purpose 
Router(config-if)# ip igmp join-group1  group-address2

Joins a multicast group.

1 This command must be configured on all interfaces that will listen for the services manager multicasts.

2 The group address must match that configured within the services manager configuration.


Configuring the Router as an MNLB Forwarding Agent

To configure the router as a forwarding agent, use the following commands, beginning in global configuration mode:

Step
Command
Purpose

1 

Router(config)# ip casa control-address igmp-address

Specify the control address and IGMP address of the forwarding agent. The control address is a unique ip address used by forwarding-agent to send and receive control message between the service manager and the forwarding-agent. The recommended IGMP address is 224.0.1.2.

2 

Router(config-casa)# forwarding-agent pool 
initial_affinity_pool max_affinity_pool

Adjusts the memory allocated for the forwarding agent's affinity pools. The default pool size is 5000 and there is no maximum pool size.

3 

Router(config-casa)# forwarding-agent num [passwd 
[timeout]]

Specifies the port number.


Note   The forwarding agent IGMP address and port must match the IGMP address and port configured on the services manager and the ip igmp join-group command.

Monitoring the MNLB Forwarding Agent

To monitor the status of the forwarding agent, use the following commands in EXEC mode:

Command
Purpose 
Router# show ip casa affinities

Displays the status of affinities. 

Router# show ip casa oper

Displays the operational status of the forwarding agent. 

Router# show ip casa stats

Displays statistical information about the forwarding agent. 

Router# show ip casa wildcard

Displays information about wildcard blocks.


Configuration Examples

This section provides the following configuration examples:

•Forwarding Agent Configuration for FA2

•Services Manager Configuration for SM

The network configured is shown in .

Figure 1 MultiNode Load Balancing Network Configuration

Forwarding Agent Configuration for FA2

The following is a sample, of a router configured as a forwarding agent. In this example all disabled interfaces have been omitted to simplify the display. 

FA2#wr t                 

Building configuration...


Current configuration:

!

version 12.0

service timestamps debug uptime

service timestamps log uptime

no service password-encryption

service udp-small-servers

service tcp-small-servers

!

hostname FA2

!

!

microcode CIP flash slot0:cip26-5

microcode reload

ip subnet-zero

no ip domain-lookup

!         

ip cef distributed

ip casa 206.10.20.34 224.0.1.2

 forwarding-agent 1637 

!

interface Ethernet0/0

 ip address 172.26.56.18 255.255.255.224

 no ip directed-broadcast

 ip route-cache flow

 ip igmp join-group 224.0.1.2

 no ip mroute-cache

!

interface Ethernet0/1

 ip address 172.26.56.37 255.255.255.224

 no ip directed-broadcast

!

!

!

router eigrp 777

 network 172.26.0.0

!


no ip classless

!

line con 0

 exec-timeout 0 0

 transport input none

line aux 0

line vty 0 4

 exec-timeout 0 0

login

!         

end

Services Manager Configuration for SM 

SM# wr t

Building configuration...

: Saved

: LocalDirector 420 Version 3.0.0.127

syslog output 20.3

no syslog console

enable password 000000000000000000000000000000 encrypted

hostname SM

no shutdown ethernet 0

no shutdown ethernet 1

no shutdown ethernet 2

no shutdown ethernet 3

interface ethernet 0 auto

interface ethernet 1 auto

interface ethernet 2 auto

interface ethernet 3 auto

mtu 0 1500

mtu 1 1500

mtu 2 1500

mtu 3 1500

multiring all

no secure 0

no secure 1

no secure 2 

no secure 3

ping-allow 0

ping-allow 1

ping-allow 2

ping-allow 3

ip address 172.26.56.19 255.255.255.248

route 172.26.10.249 255.255.255.255 172.26.56.20 1

route 206.10.20.33 255.255.255.255 172.26.56.17 1

route 206.10.20.34 255.255.255.255 172.26.56.18 1

no rip passive

failover ip address 0.0.0.0

failover

password cisco

telnet 161.0.0.0 255.0.0.0

no snmp-server contact

no snmp-server location

casa service-manager port 1638

casa service-manager multicast-ttl 60

tftp-server 172.26.10.249 /tftpboot/LD 

virtual 172.26.56.13:0:0:tcp is

virtual 172.26.56.2:0:0:tcp is

redirection 172.26.56.13:0:0:tcp dispatched casa wildcard-ttl 60 fixed-ttl 60 igmp 
224.0.1.2 port 1637

redirection 172.26.56.2:0:0:tcp dispatched casa wildcard-ttl 60 fixed-ttl 60 igmp 
224.0.1.2 port 1637

real 172.26.56.34:0:0:tcp is

real 172.26.56.33:0:0:tcp is

real 172.26.56.6:0:0:tcp is

real 172.26.56.10:0:0:tcp is

bind 172.26.56.13:0:0:tcp 172.26.56.33:0:0:tcp

bind 172.26.56.13:0:0:tcp 172.26.56.34:0:0:tcp

bind 172.26.56.2:0:0:tcp 172.26.56.10:0:0:tcp

bind 172.26.56.2:0:0:tcp 172.26.56.6:0:0:tcp

: end

Command Reference

This section documents new commands. All other commands used with this feature are documented in the Cisco IOS Release 12.0 command reference publication.

In Cisco IOS Release 12.0(1)T or later, you can search and filter the output for show and more commands. This functionality is useful when you need to sort through large amounts of output, or if you want to exclude output that you do not need to see.

To use this functionality, enter a show or more command followed by the "pipe" character (|), one of the keywords begin, include, or exclude, and an expression that you want to search or filter on:

command | {begin | include | exclude} regular-expression

Following is an example of the show atm vc command in which you want the command output to begin with the first line where the expression "PeakRate" appears:

show atm vc | begin PeakRate

For more information on the search and filter functionality, refer to the Cisco IOS Release 12.0(1)T feature module titled CLI String Search.

forwarding-agent

To specify the port on which the forwarding agent will listen for wildcard and fixed affinities, use the forwarding-agent CASA-port configuration command. Use the no form of the command to disable listening on that port.

forwarding-agent num [password [timeout]]

[no] forwarding-agent

Syntax Description

num

Port numbers on which the forwarding agent will listen for wildcards broadcast from the services manager. This must match the port number defined on the services manager.

password

(Optional) Text password used for generating the MD5 digest.

timeout

(Optional) Duration in seconds during which the forwarding agent will accept the new and old password. Valid range is between 0 and 3600 seconds. The default is 180 seconds.


Defaults

The default password timeout is 180 seconds.

The default port for the services manager is 1637.

Command Modes

CASA-port configuration

Command History

Release
Modification

12.0(5)T

This command was introduced.


Examples

The following example specifies that the forwarding agent will listen for wildcard and fixed affinities on port 1637: 

forwarding-agent 1637

Related Commands

Command
Description

show ip casa oper

Displays operational information about the forwarding agent.


forwarding-agent pool

To to adjust the memory allocated for the forwarding agent's affinity pools, use the forwarding-agent pool CASA-port configuration command. Use the no form of the command to restore the default memory allocation.

forwarding-agent pool initial_affinity_pool max_affinity_pool

[no] forwarding-agent pool

Syntax Description

initial_affinity_pool

Initial number of memory blocks allocated for use as affinities. The default is 5000.

max_affinity_pool

Maximum number of memory blocks that can be allocated for use as affinities. The default is no maximum.


Defaults

The default initial affinity pool size is 5000 memory blocks. There is no maximum.

Command Modes

CASA-port configuration

Command History

Release
Modification

12.0(5)T

This command was introduced.


Examples

The following example specifies a configuration of 100,000 initial affinity memory block that can increase to a maximum of 1,000,000 entries: 

forwarding-agent pool 100000 1000000

Related Commands

Command
Description

show ip casa oper

Displays operational information about the forwarding agent.


ip casa

To configure the router to function as an MNLB forwarding agent, use the ip casa global configuration command. Use the no form of the command to disable the forwarding agent.

ip casa control-address igmp-addr

[no] ip casa

Syntax Description

control-address

IP address of the forwarding agent side of the services manager/forwarding agent tunnel used for sending signals. This address is unique for each forwarding agent.

igmp-addr

IGMP address on which the forwarding agent will listen for wildcard and fixed affinities.


Defaults

No default behavior or values.

Command Modes

Global configuration

Command History

Release
Modification

12.0(5)T

This command was introduced.


Examples

The following example specifies the internet address (10.10.4.1) and IGMP address (224.0.1.2) for the forwarding agent: 

ip-casa 10.10.4.1 224.0.1.2

Related Commands

Command
Description

forwarding-agent

Specifies the port on which the forwarding agent will listen for wildcard and fixed affinities.


show ip casa affinities

To display statistics about affinities, use the show ip casa affinities EXEC command.

show ip casa affinities [stats] | [saddr ipaddr [detail]] | [daddr ipaddr [detail]] | sport sport [detail]] | dport dport [detail]] | protocol protocol [detail]]

Syntax Description

stats

(Optional) Displays limited statistics.

saddr ipaddr

(Optional) Displays source address of a given TCP connection.

daddr ipaddr

(Optional) Displays destination address of a given TCP connection.

sport sport

(Optional) Displays source port of a given TCP connection.

dport dport

(Optional) Displays destination port of a given TCP connection.

protocol protocol

(Optional) Displays protocol of a given TCP connection.

detail

(Optional) Displays detailed statistics.


Command Modes

EXEC

Command History

Release
Modification

12.0(5)T

This command was introduced.


Examples

The following is sample output of the show ip casa affinities command: 

Router# show ip casa affinities


                        Affinity Table

Source Address  Port  Dest Address    Port  Prot

161.44.36.118   1118  172.26.56.13    19    TCP 

172.26.56.13    19    161.44.36.118   1118  TCP

The following is sample output of the show ip casa affinities detail command 

Router# show ip casa affinities detail 


                        Affinity Table

Source Address  Port  Dest Address    Port  Prot

161.44.36.118   1118  172.26.56.13    19    TCP 

  Action Details:

    Interest Addr:          172.26.56.19      Interest Port: 1638

    Interest Packet: 0x0102 SYN FRAG 

    Interest Tickle: 0x0005 FIN RST 

    Dispatch (Layer 2):     YES               Dispatch Address: 172.26.56.33


Source Address  Port  Dest Address    Port  Prot

172.26.56.13    19    161.44.36.118   1118  TCP 

  Action Details:

    Interest Addr:          172.26.56.19      Interest Port: 1638

    Interest Packet: 0x0104 RST FRAG

    Interest Tickle: 0x0003 FIN SYN

    Dispatch (Layer 2):     NO                Dispatch Address: 0.0.0.0

describes significant fields shown in the display.

Table 1 Show IP Casa Affinities Field Descriptions

Field
Description

Source Address

Source address of a given TCP connection.

Port

Source port of a given TCP connection.

Dest Address

Destination address of a given TCP connection.

Port

Destination of a given TCP connection.

Prot

Protocol of a given TCP connection.

Action Details

Actions to be taken on a match.

Interest Addr

Services manager that is to receive interest packets for this affinity.

Interest Port

Services manager port to which interest packets are sent.

Interest Packet

List of TCP packet types that the services manager is interested in.

Interest Tickle

List of TCP packet types for which the services manager wants entire packet.

Dispatch (Layer 2)

Layer 2 destination information will be modified.

Dispatch Address

Address of the REAL server.


Related Commands

Command
Description

forwarding-agent

Specifies the port number on which the forwarding agent will listen for wildcards and fixed affinities.

show ip casa oper

Shows operational information about the forwarding agent.


show ip casa oper

To display operational information about the forwarding agent, use the show ip casa oper EXEC command.

show ip casa oper

Syntax Description

This command has no arguments or keywords.

Command Modes

EXEC

Command History

Release
Modification

12.0(5)T

This command was introduced.


Examples

The following is sample output of the show ip casa oper command: 

Router# show ip casa oper


Casa is Active

  Casa control address is 206.10.20.34/32

  Casa multicast address is 224.0.1.2

  Listening for wildcards on:

    Port:1637

      Current passwd:NONE Pending passwd:NONE

      Passwd timeout:180 sec (Default)

describes significant fields shown in the display.

Table 2 Show IP Casa Oper Field Descriptions

Field
Description

Casa is Active

The forwarding agent is active.

Casa control address

Unique address for this forwarding agent.

Casa multicast address

Services manager broadcast address.

Listening for wildcards on

Port on which the forwarding agent will listen.

Port

Services manager broadcast port.

Current passwd

Current password.

Pending passwd

Password that will override the current password.

Passwd timeout

Interval after which the pending password becomes the current password.


Related Commands

Command
Description

ip casa

Configures the router to function as an MNLB forwarding agent.


show ip casa stats

To display statistical information about the forwarding agent, use the show ip casa stats EXEC command.

show ip casa stats

Syntax Description

This command has no arguments or keywords.

Command Modes

EXEC

Command History

Release
Modification

12.0(5)T

This command was introduced.


Examples

The following is sample output of the show ip casa stats command: 

Router# show ip casa stats


Casa is active:

  Wildcard Stats:

    Wildcards:       6           Max Wildcards:    6          

    Wildcard Denies: 0           Wildcard Drops:   0          

    Pkts Throughput: 441         Bytes Throughput: 39120      

  Affinity Stats:

    Affinities:      2           Max Affinities:   2          

    Cache Hits:      444         Cache Misses:     0          

    Affinity Drops:  0          

  Casa Stats:

    Int Packet:      4           Int Tickle:       0          

    Casa Denies:     0           Drop Count:       0

describes significant fields shown in the display.

Table 3 Show IP Casa Stats Field Descriptions 

Field
Description

Casa is Active

The forwarding agent is active.

Wildcard Stats

Wildcard statistics.

Wildcards

Number of current wildcards.

Max Wildcards

Maximum number of wildcards since the forwarding agent became active.

Wildcard Denies

Protocol violations.

Wildcard Drops

No memory to install wildcard.

Pkts Throughput

Number of packets passed through all wildcards.

Bytes Throughput

Number of bytes passed through all wildcards.

Affinity Stats

Affinity statistics.

Affinities

Current number of affinities.

Max Affinities

Maximum number of affinities since the forwarding agent became active.

Cache Hits

Number of packets that match wildcards and fixed affinities.

Cache Misses

Matched wildcard, missed fix.

Affinity Drops

Number of times an affinity could not be created.

Casa Stats

Forwarding agent statistics.

Int Packet

Interest packets.

Int Tickle

Interest tickles.

Casa Denies

Protocol violation.

Security Drops

Packets dropped due to password or authentication mismatch.

Drop Count

Number of messages dropped.


Related Commands

Command
Description

show ip casa oper

Shows operational information about the forwarding agent.


show ip casa wildcard

To display information about wildcard blocks, use the show ip casa wildcard EXEC command.

show ip casa wildcard [detail]

Syntax Description

detail

(Optional) Displays detailed statistics.


Command Modes

EXEC

Command History

Release
Modification

12.0(5)T

This command was introduced.


Examples

The following is sample output of the show ip casa wildcard command: 

Router# show ip casa wildcard


Source Address  Source Mask     Port  Dest Address    Dest Mask       Port  Prot

0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         0     172.26.56.2     255.255.255.255 0     ICMP

0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         0     172.26.56.2     255.255.255.255 0     TCP 

0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         0     172.26.56.13    255.255.255.255 0     ICMP

0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         0     172.26.56.13    255.255.255.255 0     TCP 

172.26.56.2     255.255.255.255 0     0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         0     TCP 

172.26.56.13    255.255.255.255 0     0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         0     TCP

The following is sample output of the show ip casa wildcard detail command: 

router# show ip casa wild detail

Source Address  Source Mask     Port  Dest Address    Dest Mask       Port  Prot

0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         0     172.26.56.2     255.255.255.255 0     ICMP

  Service Manager Details:

    Manager Addr:           172.26.56.19      Insert Time: 08:21:27 UTC 04/18/96

  Affinity Statistics:

    Affinity Count:         0                 Interest Packet Timeouts: 0

  Packet Statistics:

    Packets:                0                 Bytes: 0              

  Action Details:

    Interest Addr:          172.26.56.19      Interest Port: 1638

    Interest Packet: 0x8000 ALLPKTS

    Interest Tickle: 0x0107 FIN SYN RST FRAG 

    Dispatch (Layer 2):     NO                Dispatch Address: 0.0.0.0        

    Advertise Dest Address: YES               Match Fragments:  NO 


Source Address  Source Mask     Port  Dest Address    Dest Mask       Port  Prot

0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         0     172.26.56.2     255.255.255.255 0     TCP 

  Service Manager Details:

    Manager Addr:           172.26.56.19      Insert Time: 08:21:27 UTC 04/18/96

  Affinity Statistics:

    Affinity Count:         0                 Interest Packet Timeouts: 0

  Packet Statistics:

    Packets:                0                 Bytes: 0              

  Action Details:

    Interest Addr:          172.26.56.19      Interest Port: 1638

    Interest Packet: 0x8102 SYN FRAG ALLPKTS

    Interest Tickle: 0x0005 FIN RST 

    Dispatch (Layer 2):     NO                Dispatch Address: 0.0.0.0        

    Advertise Dest Address: YES               Match Fragments:  NO

Note   If a filter is not set, the filter is not active.

describes significant fields shown in the display.

Table 4 Show IP Casa Wildcard Field Descriptions 

Field
Description

Source Address

Source address of a given TCP connection.

Source Mask

Mask to apply to source address before matching.

Port

Source port of a given TCP connection.

Dest Address

Destination address of a given TCP connection.

Dest Mask

Mask to apply to destination address before matching.

Port

Destination port of a given TCP connection.

Prot

Protocol of a given TCP connection.

Service Manager Details

Services manager details.

Manager Addr

Source address of this wildcard.

Insert Time

System time at which this wildcard was inserted.

Affinity Statistics

Affinity statistics.

Affinity Count

Number of affinities created on behalf of this wildcard.

Interest Packet Timeouts

Number of unanswered interest packets.

Packet Statistics

Packet statistics.

Packets

Number of packets that match this wildcard.

Bytes

Number of bytes that match this wildcard.

Action Details

Actions to be taken on a match.

Interest Addr

Services manager that is to receive interest packets for this wildcard.

Interest Port

Services manager port to which interest packets are sent.

Interest Packet

List of packet types that the services manager is interested in.

Interest Tickle

List of packet types for which the services manager wants the entire packet.

Dispatch (Layer 2)

Layer 2 destination information will be modified.

Dispatch Address

Address of the real server.

Advertise Dest Address

Destination address.

Match Fragments

Does wildcard also match fragments? (boolean)


Related Commands

Command
Description

show ip casa oper

Shows operational information about the forwarding agent.


debug ip casa affinities

To display debug messages for affinities, use the debug ip casa affinities privileged EXEC command. Use the no form of the command to disable debugging.

[no] debug ip casa affinities

Syntax Description

This command has no arguments or keywords.

Defaults

Debugging for affinities is not enabled.

Command History

Release
Modification

12.0(5)T

This command was introduced.


Examples

The following is output from the debug ip casa affinities command: 

Router# debug ip casa affinities


16:15:36:Adding fixed affinity:

16:15:36:    10.10.1.1:54787 -> 10.10.10.10:23 proto = 6

16:15:36:Updating fixed affinity:

16:15:36:    10.10.1.1:54787 -> 10.10.10.10:23 proto = 6

16:15:36:    flags = 0x2, appl addr = 10.10.3.2, interest = 0x5/0x100

16:15:36:    int ip:port = 10.10.2.2:1638, sequence delta = 0/0/0/0

16:15:36:Adding fixed affinity:

16:15:36:    10.10.10.10:23 -> 10.10.1.1:54787 proto = 6

16:15:36:Updating fixed affinity:

16:15:36:    10.10.10.10:23 -> 10.10.1.1:54787 proto = 6

16:15:36:    flags = 0x2, appl addr = 0.0.0.0, interest = 0x3/0x104

16:15:36:    int ip:port = 10.10.2.2:1638, sequence delta = 0/0/0/0

describes significant fields of the debug output.

Table 5 Debug IP Casa Affinities Field Descriptions

Field
Description

Adding fixed affinity

Adding a fixed affinity to affinity table.

Updating fixed affinity

Modifying a fixed affinity table with information from the services manager.

flags

Bit field indicating actions to be taken on this affinity.

fwd addr

Address to which packets will be directed.

interest

Services manager that's interested in packets for this affinity.

int ip:port

Services manager port to which interest packets are sent.

sequence delta

Used to adjust TCP sequence numbers for this affinity.


debug ip casa packets

To display debug messages for packets, use the debug ip casa packets privileged EXEC command. Use the no form of the command to disable debugging.

[no] debug ip casa packets

Syntax Description

This command has no arguments or keywords.

Defaults

Debugging for packets is not enabled.

Command History

Release
Modification

12.0(5)T

This command was introduced.


Examples

The following is output from the debug ip casa packets command: 

Router# debug ip casa packets


16:15:36:Routing CASA packet - TO_MGR:

16:15:36:    10.10.1.1:55299 -> 10.10.10.10:23 proto = 6

16:15:36:    Interest Addr:10.10.2.2   Port:1638

16:15:36:Routing CASA packet - FWD_PKT:

16:15:36:    10.10.1.1:55299 -> 10.10.10.10:23 proto = 6

16:15:36:    Fwd Addr:10.10.3.2

16:15:36:Routing CASA packet - TO_MGR:

16:15:36:    10.10.10.10:23 -> 10.10.1.1:55299 proto = 6

16:15:36:    Interest Addr:10.10.2.2   Port:1638

16:15:36:Routing CASA packet - FWD_PKT:

16:15:36:    10.10.10.10:23 -> 10.10.1.1:55299 proto = 6

16:15:36:    Fwd Addr:0.0.0.0

16:15:36:Routing CASA packet - TICKLE:

16:15:36:    10.10.10.10:23 -> 10.10.1.1:55299 proto = 6

16:15:36:    Interest Addr:10.10.2.2   Port:1638  Interest Mask:SYN 

16:15:36:    Fwd Addr:0.0.0.0

16:15:36:Routing CASA packet - FWD_PKT:

16:15:36:    10.10.1.1:55299 -> 10.10.10.10:23 proto = 6

16:15:36:    Fwd Addr:10.10.3.2

describes significant fields in the debug output.

Table 6

Field
Description

Routing CASA packet - TO_MGR

Forwarding agent is routing a packet to the services manager.

Routing CASA packet - FWD_PKT

Forwarding agent is routing a packet to the forwarding address.

Routing CASA packet - TICKLE

Forwarding agent is signalling services manager while allowing the packet in question to take the appropriate action.

Interest Addr

Services manager address.

Interest Port

Port on the services manager where packet is sent.

Fwd Addr

Address to which packets matching the affinity are sent.

Interest Mask

Services manager that is interested in packets for this affinity.


Debug IP Casa Packets Field Descriptions

debug ip casa wildcards

To display debug messages for wildcards, use the debug ip casa wildcards privileged EXEC command. Use the no form of this command to disable debugging.

[no] debug ip casa wildcards

Syntax Description

This command has no arguments or keywords.

Defaults

Debugging for wildcards is not enabled.

Command History

Release
Modification

12.0(5)T

This command was introduced.


Examples

The following is output from the debug ip casa wildcards command: 

Router# debug ip casa wildcards


16:13:23:Updating wildcard affinity:

16:13:23:    10.10.10.10:0 -> 0.0.0.0:0 proto = 6

16:13:23:    src mask = 255.255.255.255, dest mask = 0.0.0.0

16:13:23:    no frag, not advertising

16:13:23:    flags = 0x0, appl addr = 0.0.0.0, interest = 0x8107/0x8104

16:13:23:    int ip:port = 10.10.2.2:1638, sequence delta = 0/0/0/0

16:13:23:Updating wildcard affinity:

16:13:23:    0.0.0.0:0 -> 10.10.10.10:0 proto = 6

16:13:23:    src mask = 0.0.0.0, dest mask = 255.255.255.255

16:13:23:    no frag, advertising

16:13:23:    flags = 0x0, appl addr = 0.0.0.0, interest = 0x8107/0x8102

16:13:23    int ip:port = 10.10.2.2:1638, sequence delta = 0/0/0/0

describes significant fields in the debug output.

Table 7 Debug IP Casa Wildcards Field Descriptions

Field
Description

src mask

Source of connection.

dest mask

Destination of connection.

no frag, not advertising

Not accepting IP fragments.

flags

Bit field indicating actions to be taken on this affinity.

fwd addr

Address to which packets matching the affinity will be directed.

interest

Services manager that's interested in packets for this affinity.

int ip: port

Services manager port to which interest packets are sent.

sequence delta

Used to adjust sequence numbers for this affinity.


Glossary

affinity—The set of information that uniquely describes the association of a client to a particular host within a server cluster. It relates the addresses found in the IP packet (protocol, client IP address, port, local port, cluster address) to the IP address of the local host that has been assigned to handle all packets with that unique set of addresses.

CEF—Cisco Express Forwarding.

cluster—A set of computer systems that are connected together through multisystem hardware or software to provide services traditionally provided by a single system. This arrangement provides higher availability and better scalability.

cluster address—The IP address that represents the entire cluster of hosts. It is defined in each server and each forwarding agent router. The routers advertise routes to their internal instances of this address. The servers do not advertise the address, but recognize it as one of their local, or loopback addresses.

ContentFlow architecture—A Cisco protocol that enables communication between a services manager and a forwarding agent.

control address—An IP address assigned to the IP cluster function within each router. It is unique to each router and is used for management flows.

forwarding agent—MultiNode Load Balancing forwarding agent. Fulfills routing decisions made by the services manager. The forwarding agent filters packets coming into the virtual network and sends to the services manager packets that are without a known server destination.

IGMP—The forwarding agent uses Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) multicast to listen to the services manager broadcasts. IP hosts use IGMP to report their group membership to directly-connected multicast routers. IGMP uses group addresses, which are Class D IP addresses. The high-order four bits of a Class D address are 1110. This means that host group addresses can be in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The address 224.0.0.0 is guaranteed not to be assigned to any group. The address 224.0.0.1 is assigned to all systems on a subnet. The address 224.0.0.2 is assigned to all routers on a subnet.

load balancing—Spreading user requests among available servers within a cluster of servers, based on a variety of algorithms.

LocalDirector—Cisco LocalDirector is hardware and software that provide one of the platforms for the MNLB services manager.

MD5— Message Digest Algorithm Version 5, a neighbor router authentication scheme used to ensure reliability and security when routing updates are to be exchanged between neighbor routers.

NetFlow switching—High-performance network-layer switching path that captures as part of its switching function a rich set of traffic statistics including user, protocol, port, and type of service information.

services manager—MultiNode Load Balancing services manager. Using load balancing and server/application feedback, the services manager determines a real server for the packet flow. Once the optimal destination is decided, all other packets in the packet flow are directed to a forwarding agent and real server, increasing packet throughput. In the MNLD Feature Set for LocalDirector, the services manager function is performed by the LocalDirector.

server farm—Also called a server cluster, a group of real servers that provide various applications and services.

tag switching—Packet-forwarding strategy that maps Layer 3 header contents into a fixed-length, unstructured value called a tag. In effect, a tag represents a forwarding equivalence class; that is, a set of packets that, however different they may be, are indistinguishable to the forwarding function. The tag does not represent a particular path through the network. In general the path continues to be chosen by the existing Layer 3 routing algorithms.

virtual server—Presents a single address that represents an application server farm for clients.