Understanding the Basic Differences Between SONET and SDH Framing in Optical Networks

Introduction

This document reviews the basic differences in the framing used with Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) in an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) environment, and in a Packet over SONET (POS) environment. Currently, SONET is more widely used in North America, while SDH is more widely deployed in Europe.

Note: A detailed discussion of SONET and SDH differences is outside the scope of this document.

Prerequisites

Requirements

There are no specific requirements for this document.

Components Used

This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions.

Conventions

Refer to Cisco Technical Tips Conventions for more information on document conventions.

SONET and SDH Framing

SONET and SDH have relatively minor, but still important differences between them, mostly in terminology. In many cases, the SDH definitions of some overhead messages are more general in nature, and their SONET equivalents are more tuned to the operating conditions within North America.

Some key differences between SONET and SDH are listed here:

• SONET and SDH use different terms to describe the three layers. SDH uses the terms path, multiplex section, and regenerator section while SONET uses the terms section, line, and path.

  

• The values of the C2 Path Overhead (POH) byte are slightly different. Both SONET and SDH use 0x16 and 0xCF for POS.

• Specific overhead bytes, and the content of Automatic Protection Systems (APS) messages transmitted in the K1/K2 bytes are different. The overhead of SDH framing is illustrated here. Refer to Troubleshooting Guide for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy for more information.

  

ATM Over SONET

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU-T) defines the format of unassigned and idle cells in its I.361 Recommendation. The purpose of these cells is to ensure proper cell decoupling or cell delineation, which enables a receiving ATM interface to recognize the start of each new cell. The ITU-T defines cell delineation mechanisms in its I.432 Recommendation.

In ATM environments, the key difference between SONET and SDH framing modes is the type of cell transmission when no user or data cells are available. The ATM forum specifies the use of idle cells if unassigned cells are not generated. More specifically, in Synchronous Transport Module-X (STM-X) mode, an ATM interface sends idle cells for cell-rate decoupling. In Synchronous Transport Signal-Xc (STS-Xc) mode, the ATM interface sends unassigned cells for cell-rate decoupling.

The default SONET setting is STS-Xc. Issue this command in interface configuration mode in order to configure for Synchronous Transport Module-level 1 (STM-1):

Router(config-if)#atm sonet stm-4

Refer to ATM Control Cells Illustrated - Idle Cells, Unassigned Cells, IMA Filler Cells and Invalid Cells for more information.

Packet Over SONET

The POs framing command enables you to set framing to SONET Optical Carrier (OC) or SDH STM. The default is SONET.

Router(config-if)#POs framing [sdh|sonet]

One more difference between SONET and SDH framing is the value of the s0 and s1 bits (s is for size), which are bits 5 and 6 in SONET's H1 byte. SDH uses these bits to form the Administrative Unit (AU) field. The ITU-T G.709 standard (or G.707, which combines G.707, G.708, and G.709) describes the AU pointer. There are two major AU types, which are listed here:

• AU-3 operates in the same way as three sets of H1, H2, and H3 pointers would operate in channelized STS-3 frames.

• AU-4 operates like a single set of pointers in Synchronous Transport Signal-3c (STS-3c) concatenated frames.

The s1s0 bits or flag is unused in SONET. A transmitting POS interface configured with SONET framing sends ss = 00, and a receiving SONET device ignores these bits, because they are used to indicate payload mapping type information, which is communicated through other fields. A POS interface configured with SDH framing typically sends ss = 10.

This table illustrates well-known values for these bits:

Binary Value	Description
00	SONET
11	Reserved
01	Used in older ADMs
10	AU3/4 - Most implementations in Europe use 3.

Originally, with SDH framing, the ss bits needed manual reconfiguration with the pos flag s1s0 2 command. On the Cisco 12000 Series Engine 2 POS line cards, the value now changes automatically when the framing type is configured (Cisco bug ID CSCdm62748).

router(config)#interface p3/0 
router(config-if)#pos flag ? 
c2 Path overhead byte 
j0 Section trace byte (0x01 for compatibility, 0xCC is default) 
s1s0 Specify bit S1 and S0 of H1 
router(config-if)#pos flag s1s0 ? 
<0-3> S1 & S0 bits 
router(config-if)#pos flag s1s0 0 

!--- Set to 0 for SONET.
 
router(config-if)#pos flag s1s0 2 

!--- Set to 2 for SDH.
 

Issue the srp flag s1s0 command on Spatial Reuse Protocol (SRP) interfaces.

interface SRP1/0/0 

interface SRP1/0/0 
  ip address 139.97.2.19 255.255.255.240 
  srp clock-source line a 
  srp clock-source line b 
  srp framing sdh a 
  srp framing sdh b 
  srp flag c2 19 a 
  srp flag c2 19 b 
  srp flag s1s0 2 a 
  srp flag s1s0 2 b 

The show controller pos and show controller srp commands display the value of the s1s0 received from the remote end.

router2#show controller pos 5/1 detail 
 POS5/1 
 SECTION 
   LOF = 0          LOS    = 0                            BIP(B1) = 0 
 LINE 
   AIS = 0          RDI    = 0          FEBE = 0          BIP(B2) = 0 
 PATH 
   AIS = 0          RDI    = 0          FEBE = 0          BIP(B3) = 675 
   LOP = 0          NEWPTR = 0          PSE  = 0          NSE     = 0 
Line triggers delayed 100 ms 
   Active Defects: None 
   Active Alarms: None 
   Alarm reporting enabled for: SF SLOS SLOF B1-TCA B2-TCA PLOP B3-TCA 
Framing: SONET 
   APS 
COAPS = 0 PSBF = 0 
   State: PSBF_state = False 
   ais_shut = TRUE 
   Rx(K1/K2): 00/00 S1S0 = 02, C2 = 16 

If the transmitted value is incorrect, ADMs in the network might detect the difference, and report a Loss of Pointer (LOP) alarm. Cisco routers ignore this value. They do not declare an alarm, and only reflect what the network has reported.

Troubleshoot Mismatches in Framing Type

If two router endpoints in a back-to-back lab setup are configured for different framing types, pings succeed, and neither device declares an alarm. However, when router endpoints are connected to a SONET or SDH network, the ADMs might detect the mismatch, and report a Path Loss of Pointer (PLOP) alarm. The output of show controller pos command might then report "Facility alarm: PathFarEndRxFailure". In order to troubleshoot this problem, ensure that both sides are configured for the same framing type. If they are, you may need to use a WAN analyzer to capture the frames.

The s1s0 flag configured on POS interfaces automaticaly resets to 0 after a reload of a Cisco 7200 or 7500 Series Router that runs Cisco IOS® Software Release 12.1(9)E. This issue is resolved by Cisco bug ID CSCdw93032 (registered customers only) .

Related Information

• Optical Technology Support Pages
• Technical Support & Documentation - Cisco Systems