There are multiple vulnerabilities in Cisco Unified Communications Manager and Intercompany Media Engine. The following subsections summarize these vulnerabilities:
DoS vulnerability in Cisco Unified Communications Manager with enabled Packet Capture Service: This vulnerability can be exploited remotely without authentication and without end-user interaction. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause the affected device to crash. Repeated attempts to exploit this vulnerability could result in a sustained denial of service (DoS) condition by exhausting the Unified Communications Manager's memory. The attack vector for exploitation is through TCP packets that complete a 3-way TCP handshake to the Unified Communications Manager and leave the connections open.
This vulnerability has been assigned CVE identifier CVE-2011-2560.
DoS vulnerability in Cisco Unified Communications Manager with certain configurations of MTP: This vulnerability can be exploited remotely without authentication and without end-user interaction. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause the affected device to crash. Repeated attempts to exploit this vulnerability could result in a sustained DoS condition.
The attack vectors for exploitation are through packets using the following protocols and ports:
An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities using spoofed packets.
This vulnerability has been assigned CVE identifier CVE-2011-2561.
DoS vulnerability in Cisco Unified Communications Manager when processing certain SIP INVITE messages: This vulnerability can be exploited remotely without authentication and without end-user interaction. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause the affected device to crash. Repeated attempts to exploit this vulnerability could result in a sustained DoS condition.
The attack vectors for exploitation are through packets using the following protocols and ports:
An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities using spoofed packets.
This vulnerability has been assigned CVE identifier CVE-2011-2562.
Two DoS vulnerabilities in Cisco Unified Communications Manager and Cisco Intercompany Media Engine (IME) with Service Advertisement Framework (SAF): This vulnerability can be exploited remotely without authentication and without end-user interaction. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause the affected device to crash. Repeated attempts to exploit this vulnerability could result in a sustained DoS condition.
The attack vectors for exploitation are through crafted:
These vulnerabilities has been assigned CVE identifiers CVE-2011-2563 and CVE-2011-2564.
Information about vulnerable, unaffected, and fixed software is available in the PSIRT Security Advisories, which are available at the following links: https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20110824-cucm and https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20110824-ime.
Cisco devices provide several countermeasures for these vulnerabilities. Administrators are advised to consider these protection methods to be general security best practices for infrastructure devices and the traffic that transits the network. This section of the document provides an overview of these techniques.
Cisco IOS Software can provide effective means of exploit prevention using the following methods:
These protection mechanisms filter and drop, as well as verify the source IP address of, packets that are attempting to exploit these vulnerabilities.
The proper deployment and configuration of Unicast RPF provides an effective means of protection against attacks that use packets with spoofed source IP addresses. Unicast RPF should be deployed as close to all traffic sources as possible.
The proper deployment and configuration of IPSG provides an effective means of protection against spoofing attacks at the access layer.
Because the potential exists that a trusted networking client could become affected by a worm that does not use packets with spoofed source addresses, Unicast RPF and IPSG do not provide complete protection against these vulnerabilities.
Effective means of exploit prevention can also be provided by the Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance and the Firewall Services Module (FWSM) for Cisco Catalyst 6500.
These protection mechanisms filter and drop, as well as verify the source IP address of, packets that are attempting to exploit these vulnerabilities.
Effective exploit prevention can also be provided by the Cisco ACE Application Control Engine Appliance and Module using TCP Normalization.
This protection mechanism filters and drops packets that are attempting to exploit these vulnerabilities.
Effective use of Cisco Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) event actions provides visibility into and protection against attacks that attempt to exploit these vulnerabilities.
Cisco IOS NetFlow records can provide visibility into network-based exploitation attempts.
Cisco IOS Software, Cisco ASA, FWSM firewalls, and Cisco ACE Application Control Engine Appliance and Module can provide visibility through syslog messages and counter values displayed in the output from show commands.
The Cisco Security Monitoring, Analysis, and Response System (Cisco Security MARS) appliance can also provide visibility through incidents, queries, and event reporting.
Caution: The effectiveness of any mitigation technique depends on specific customer situations such as product mix, network topology, traffic behavior, and organizational mission. As with any configuration change, evaluate the impact of this configuration prior to applying the change.
Specific information about mitigation and identification is available for these devices:
To protect the network from traffic that enters the network at ingress access points, which may include Internet connection points, partner and supplier connection points, or VPN connection points, administrators are advised to deploy transit access control lists (tACLs) to perform policy enforcement. Administrators can construct a tACL by explicitly permitting only authorized traffic to enter the network at ingress access points or permitting authorized traffic to transit the network in accordance with existing security policies and configurations. A tACL workaround cannot provide complete protection against these vulnerabilities when the attack originates from a trusted source address.
The tACL policy denies unauthorized SIP, SAF, and SIP-TLS packets on TCP and UDP ports 5060 and 5061 that are sent to affected devices. In the following example, 192.168.60.0/24 and 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 are the IPv4 and IPv6 address space, respectively, that is used by the affected devices, and the host at 192.168.100.1 (2001:DB8:1:100::1 for IPv6) is considered a trusted source that requires access to the affected devices. Care should be taken to allow required traffic for routing and administrative access prior to denying all unauthorized traffic.
Additional information about tACLs is in Transit Access Control Lists: Filtering at Your Edge.
! !-- Include explicit permit statements for trusted sources !-- that require access on the vulnerable protocols and ports ! access-list 150 permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5060 access-list 150 permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5061 access-list 150 permit udp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5060 access-list 150 permit udp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5061 access-list 150 permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5050 access-list 150 permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5620 ! !-- The following vulnerability-specific access control entries !-- (ACEs) can aid in identification of attacks ! access-list 150 deny deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5060 access-list 150 deny deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5061 access-list 150 deny deny udp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5060 access-list 150 deny deny udp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5061 access-list 150 deny deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5050 access-list 150 deny deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5620 ! !-- Permit or deny all other Layer 3 and Layer 4 traffic in accordance !-- with existing security policies and configurations ! !-- Explicit deny for all other IP traffic ! access-list 150 deny ip any any ! !-- Create the corresponding IPv6 tACL ! ipv6 access-list IPv6-Infrastructure-ACL-Policy ! !-- Include explicit permit statements for trusted sources !-- that require access on the vulnerable protocols and ports ! permit tcp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5060 permit tcp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5061 permit udp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5060 permit udp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5061 permit tcp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5050 permit tcp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5620 ! !-- The following vulnerability-specific access control entries !-- (ACEs) can aid in identification of attacks to global and !-- link local addresses ! deny tcp any 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5060 deny tcp any 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5061 deny udp any 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5060 deny udp any 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5061 deny tcp any 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5050 deny tcp any 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 eq 5620 ! !-- Permit other required traffic to the infrastructure address !-- range and allow IPv6 Neighbor Discovery packets, which !-- include Neighbor Solicitation packets and Neighbor !-- Advertisement packets ! permit icmp any any nd-ns permit icmp any any nd-na ! !-- Explicit deny for all other IP traffic to the global !-- infrastructure address range ! deny ipv6 any 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 ! !-- Permit or deny all other Layer 3 and Layer 4 traffic !-- in accordance with existing security policies and configurations ! ! !-- Apply tACLs to interfaces in the ingress direction ! interface GigabitEthernet0/0 ip access-group 150 in ipv6 traffic-filter IPv6-Infrastructure-ACL-Policy in
Note that filtering with an interface access list will elicit the transmission of ICMP unreachable messages back to the source of the filtered traffic. Generating these messages could have the undesired effect of increasing CPU utilization on the device. In Cisco IOS Software, ICMP unreachable generation is limited to one packet every 500 milliseconds by default. ICMP unreachable message generation can be disabled using the interface configuration command no ip unreachables. ICMP unreachable rate limiting can be changed from the default using the global configuration command ip icmp rate-limit unreachableinterval-in-ms.
Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding
The vulnerabilities that are described in this document can be exploited by spoofed IP packets. Administrators can deploy and configure Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (Unicast RPF) as a protection mechanism against spoofing.
Unicast RPF is configured at the interface level and can detect and drop packets that lack a verifiable source IP address. Administrators should not rely on Unicast RPF to provide complete spoofing protection because spoofed packets may enter the network through a Unicast RPF-enabled interface if an appropriate return route to the source IP address exists. Administrators are advised to take care to ensure that the appropriate Unicast RPF mode (loose or strict) is configured during the deployment of this feature because it can drop legitimate traffic that is transiting the network. In an enterprise environment, Unicast RPF might be enabled at the Internet edge and the internal access layer on the user-supporting Layer 3 interfaces.
Additional information is in the Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding Loose Mode Feature Guide.
For additional information about the configuration and use of Unicast RPF, reference the Understanding Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding Applied Intelligence white paper.
IP Source Guard
IP source guard (IPSG) is a security feature that restricts IP traffic on nonrouted, Layer 2 interfaces by filtering packets based on the DHCP snooping binding database and manually configured IP source bindings. Administrators can use IPSG to prevent attacks from an attacker who attempts to spoof packets by forging the source IP address and/or the MAC address. When properly deployed and configured, IPSG coupled with strict mode Unicast RPF provides the most effective means of spoofing protection for the vulnerabilities that are described in this document.
Additional information about the deployment and configuration of IPSG is in Configuring DHCP Features and IP Source Guard.
After the administrator applies the tACL to an interface, the show ip access-lists command will identify the number of SIP and SIP-TLS packets on TCP and UDP ports 5060 and 5061 that have been filtered. Administrators are advised to investigate filtered packets to determine whether they are attempts to exploit these vulnerabilities. Example output for show ip access-lists 150 follows:
router#show ip access-lists 150
Extended IP access list 150
10 permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5060
20 permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5061
30 permit udp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5060
40 permit udp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5061
50 permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5050
60 permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5620
70 deny deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5060 (5 matches)
80 deny deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5061 (2 matches)
90 deny deny udp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5060 (7 matches)
100 deny deny udp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5061 (4 matches)
110 deny deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5050 (6 matches)
120 deny deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 eq 5620 (1 matches)
130 permit icmp any any nd-ns
140 permit icmp any any nd-ns
150 deny ip any any
router#
In the preceding example, access list 150 has dropped the following packets that are received from an untrusted host or network:
The corresponding output for IPv6 tACLs is very similar and will be omitted here for brevity. For additional information about investigating incidents using ACE counters and syslog events, reference the Identifying Incidents Using Firewall and IOS Router Syslog Events Applied Intelligence white paper.
Administrators can use Embedded Event Manager to provide instrumentation when specific conditions are met, such as ACE counter hits. The Applied Intelligence white paper Embedded Event Manager in a Security Context provides additional details about how to use this feature.
The log and log-input access control list (ACL) option will cause packets that match specific ACEs to be logged. The log-input option enables logging of the ingress interface in addition to the packet source and destination IP addresses and ports.
Caution: Access control list logging can be very CPU intensive and must be used with extreme caution. Factors that drive the CPU impact of ACL logging are log generation, log transmission, and process switching to forward packets that match log-enabled ACEs.
For Cisco IOS Software, the ip access-list logging interval interval-in-ms command can limit the effects of process switching induced by ACL logging. The logging rate-limit rate-per-second [except loglevel] command limits the impact of log generation and transmission.
The CPU impact from ACL logging can be addressed in hardware on the Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series switches and Cisco 7600 Series routers with Supervisor Engine 720 or Supervisor Engine 32 using optimized ACL logging.
For additional information about the configuration and use of ACL logging, reference the Understanding Access Control List Logging Applied Intelligence white paper.
With Unicast RPF properly deployed and configured throughout the network infrastructure, administrators can use the show cef interface type slot/portinternal, show ip interface, show cef drop, show ip cef switching statistics feature and show ip traffic commands to identify the number of packets that Unicast RPF has dropped.
Note: Beginning with Cisco IOS Software version 12.4(20)T, the command show ip cef switching has been replaced by show ip cef switching statistics feature.
Note: The show command | begin regex and show command | include regex command modifiers are used in the following examples to minimize the amount of output that administrators will need to parse to view the desired information. Additional information about command modifiers is in the show command sections of the Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference.
router#show cef interface GigabitEthernet 0/0 internal | include drop ip verify: via=rx (allow default), acl=0, drop=18, sdrop=0 router#
Note: show cef interface type slot/port internal is a hidden command that must be fully entered at the command-line interface. Command completion is not available for it.
router#show ip interface GigabitEthernet 0/0 | begin verify
IP verify source reachable-via RX, allow default, allow self-ping
18 verification drops
0 suppressed verification drops
router#
router#show cef drop
CEF Drop Statistics
Slot Encap_fail Unresolved Unsupported No_route No_adj ChkSum_Err
RP 27 0 0 18 0 0
router#
router#show ip cef switching statistics feature
IPv4 CEF input features:
Path Feature Drop Consume Punt Punt2Host Gave route
RP PAS uRPF 18 0 0 0 0
Total 18 0 0 0 0
-- CLI Output Truncated --
router#
router#show ip traffic | include RPF
18 no route, 18 unicast RPF, 0 forced drop
router#
In the preceding show cef drop, show ip cef switching statistics feature and show ip traffic examples, Unicast RPF has dropped 18 IP packetsreceived globally on all interfaces with Unicast RPF configured because of the inability to verify the source address of the IP packets within the Forwarding Information Base of Cisco Express Forwarding.
Administrators can configure Cisco IOS NetFlow on Cisco IOS routers and switches to aid in the identification of traffic flows that may be attempts to exploit these vulnerabilities. Administrators are advised to investigate flows to determine whether they are attempts to exploit these vulnerabilities or whether they are legitimate traffic flows.
router#show ip cache flow
IP packet size distribution (90784136 total packets):
1-32 64 96 128 160 192 224 256 288 320 352 384 416 448 480
.000 .698 .011 .001 .004 .005 .000 .004 .000 .000 .003 .000 .000 .000 .000
512 544 576 1024 1536 2048 2560 3072 3584 4096 4608
.000 .001 .256 .000 .010 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
IP Flow Switching Cache, 4456704 bytes
1885 active, 63651 inactive, 59960004 added
129803821 ager polls, 0 flow alloc failures
Active flows timeout in 30 minutes
Inactive flows timeout in 15 seconds
IP Sub Flow Cache, 402056 bytes
0 active, 16384 inactive, 0 added, 0 added to flow
0 alloc failures, 0 force free
1 chunk, 1 chunk added
last clearing of statistics never
Protocol Total Flows Packets Bytes Packets Active(Sec) Idle(Sec)
-------- Flows /Sec /Flow /Pkt /Sec /Flow /Flow
TCP-Telnet 11393421 2.8 1 48 3.1 0.0 1.4
TCP-FTP 236 0.0 12 66 0.0 1.8 4.8
TCP-FTPD 21 0.0 13726 1294 0.0 18.4 4.1
TCP-WWW 22282 0.0 21 1020 0.1 4.1 7.3
TCP-X 719 0.0 1 40 0.0 0.0 1.3
TCP-BGP 1 0.0 1 40 0.0 0.0 15.0
TCP-Frag 70399 0.0 1 688 0.0 0.0 22.7
TCP-other 47861004 11.8 1 211 18.9 0.0 1.3
UDP-DNS 582 0.0 4 73 0.0 3.4 15.4
UDP-NTP 287252 0.0 1 76 0.0 0.0 15.5
UDP-other 310347 0.0 2 230 0.1 0.6 15.9
ICMP 11674 0.0 3 61 0.0 19.8 15.5
IPv6INIP 15 0.0 1 1132 0.0 0.0 15.4
GRE 4 0.0 1 48 0.0 0.0 15.3
Total: 59957957 14.8 1 196 22.5 0.0 1.5
SrcIf SrcIPaddress DstIf DstIPaddress Pr SrcP DstP Pkts
Gi0/0 192.168.10.201 Gi0/1 192.168.60.102 06 0984 13C4 3
Gi0/0 192.168.13.97 Gi0/1 192.168.60.28 06 0B3E 13C5 2
Gi0/1 192.168.150.60 Gi0/0 10.89.16.226 06 0016 12CA 1
Gi0/0 192.168.13.97 Gi0/1 192.168.60.28 06 0B3A 13BA 6
Gi0/0 192.168.11.54 Gi0/1 192.168.60.158 06 0911 13C4 2
Gi0/0 10.88.226.1 Gi0/1 192.168.202.22 11 007B 007B 1
Gi0/0 192.168.13.97 Gi0/1 192.168.60.28 06 0B31 15F4 1
Gi0/0 192.168.10.17 Gi0/1 192.168.60.97 11 0B89 13C5 7
Gi0/0 192.168.12.185 Gi0/1 192.168.60.239 11 0BD7 13C4 4
Gi0/0 10.89.16.226 Gi0/1 192.168.150.60 06 12CA 0016 1
router#
In the preceding example, there are multiple flows for SIP, SAF, and SIP-TLS packets on TCP ports 5060 (hex value 13C4), 5061 (hex value 13C5), 5050 (hex value 13BA) and 5620 (hex value 15F4) and UDP ports 5060 (hex value 13C4) and 5061 (hex value 13C5).
This traffic is sourced from and sent to addresses within the 192.168.60.0/24 address block, which is used by affected devices. The packets in these flows may be spoofed and may indicate an attempt to exploit these vulnerabilities. Administrators are advised to compare these flows to baseline utilization for SIP and SIP-TLS traffic sent on UDP ports 5060 and 5061 and also investigate the flows to determine whether they are sourced from untrusted hosts or networks.
To view only the traffic flows for SIP, SAF, and SIP-TLS packets on TCP ports 5060 (hex value 13C4), 5061 (hex value 13C5), 5050 (hex value 13BA) and 5620 (hex value 15F4), the command show ip cache flow | include SrcIf|_06_.*(13C4|13C5|13BA|15F4)_ will display the related UDP NetFlow records as shown here:
TCP Flows
router#show ip cache flow | include SrcIf|_06_.*(13C4|13C5|13BA|15F4)_ SrcIf SrcIPaddress DstIf DstIPaddress Pr SrcP DstP Pkts Gi0/0 192.168.10.201 Gi0/1 192.168.60.102 06 0984 13C4 3 Gi0/0 192.168.13.97 Gi0/1 192.168.60.28 06 0B3E 13C5 2 Gi0/0 192.168.13.97 Gi0/1 192.168.60.28 06 0B3A 13BA 6 Gi0/0 192.168.11.54 Gi0/1 192.168.60.158 06 0911 13C4 2 Gi0/0 192.168.13.97 Gi0/1 192.168.60.28 06 0B31 15F4 1 router#
To view only the traffic flows for SIP and SIP-TLS packets on UDP ports 5060 (hex value 13C4) and 5061 (hex value 13C5), the command show ip cache flow | include SrcIf|_11_.*(13C4|13C5)_ will display the related UDP NetFlow records as shown here:
UDP Flows
router#show ip cache flow | include SrcIf|_11_.*(13C4|13C5)_ SrcIf SrcIPaddress DstIf DstIPaddress Pr SrcP DstP Pkts Gi0/0 192.168.10.17 Gi0/1 192.168.60.97 11 0B89 13C5 7 Gi0/0 192.168.12.185 Gi0/1 192.168.60.239 11 0BD7 13C4 4 router#
Administrators can configure Cisco IOS IPv6 NetFlow on Cisco IOS routers and switches to aid in the identification of traffic flows that may be attempts to exploit the vulnerabilities that are described in this document. Administrators are advised to investigate flows to determine whether they are attempts to exploit these vulnerabilities or whether they are legitimate traffic flows.
This output is from a Cisco IOS device running Cisco IOS software 12.4 mainline train. The command syntax will vary for different Cisco IOS software trains.
router#show ipv6 flow cache
IP packet size distribution (50078919 total packets):
1-32 64 96 128 160 192 224 256 288 320 352 384 416 448 480
.000 .990 .001 .008 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
512 544 576 1024 1536 2048 2560 3072 3584 4096 4608
.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
IP Flow Switching Cache, 475168 bytes
8 active, 4088 inactive, 6160 added
1092984 ager polls, 0 flow alloc failures
Active flows timeout in 30 minutes
Inactive flows timeout in 15 seconds
IP Sub Flow Cache, 33928 bytes
16 active, 1008 inactive, 12320 added, 6160 added to flow
0 alloc failures, 0 force free
1 chunk, 1 chunk added
SrcAddress InpIf DstAddress OutIf Prot SrcPrt DstPrt Packets
2001:DB...06::201 Gi0/0 2001:DB...28::20 Local 0x06 0x2001 0x13C4 1464K
2001:DB...06::201 Gi0/0 2001:DB...28::20 Local 0x11 0x180A 0x13C5 3456
2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...28::21 Gi0/1 0x3A 0x0000 0x8000 2191
2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...134::3 Gi0/1 0x3A 0x0000 0x8000 1909
2001:DB...06::201 Gi0/0 2001:DB...28::20 Local 0x11 0x18C4 0x13C4 4567K
2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...128::4 Gi0/1 0x3A 0x0000 0x8000 1192
2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...128::2 Gi0/1 0x06 0x160A 0x13C5 1597
2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...128::3 Gi0/1 0x06 0x1610 0x13BA 1001
2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...128::4 Gi0/1 0x06 0x1634 0x15F4 1292
2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...128::3 Gi0/1 0x3A 0x0000 0x8000 1292
2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...146::3 Gi0/1 0x3A 0x0000 0x8000 1392
2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...144::4 Gi0/1 0x3A 0x0000 0x8000 1493
To permit display of the full 128-bit IPv6 address, use the terminal width 132 exec mode command.
In the preceding example, there are multiple flows for SIP, SAF, and SIP-TLS packets on TCP ports 5060 (hex value 13C4), 5061 (hex value 13C5), 5050 (hex value 13BA) and 5620 (hex value 15F4) and UDP ports 5060 (hex value 13C4) and 5061 (hex value 13C5).
This traffic is sourced from and sent to addresses within the 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 address block, which is used by affected devices. The packets in these flows may be spoofed and may indicate an attempt to exploit these vulnerabilities. Administrators are advised to compare these flows to baseline utilization for SIP and SIP-TLS traffic sent on UDP ports 5060 and 5061 and also investigate the flows to determine whether they are sourced from untrusted hosts or networks.
As shown in the following example, to view only the SIP, SAF, and SIP-TLS packets on TCP ports 5060 (hex value 13C4), 5061 (hex value 13C5), 5050 (hex value 13BA) and 5620 (hex value 15F4), use the show ipv6 flow cache | include SrcAddress|_06_.*(13C4|13C5|13BA|15F4)_ command to display the related NetFlow records:
TCP Flows
router#show ipv6 flow cache | include SrcIf|_06_.*(13C4|13C5|13BA|15F4)_ SrcAddress InpIf DstAddress OutIf Prot SrcPrt DstPrt Packets 2001:DB...06::201 Gi0/0 2001:DB...28::20 Local 0x06 0x2001 0x13C4 1464K 2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...128::2 Gi0/1 0x06 0x160A 0x13C5 1597 2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...128::3 Gi0/1 0x06 0x1610 0x13BA 1001 2001:DB...6A:5BA6 Gi0/0 2001:DB...128::4 Gi0/1 0x06 0x1634 0x15F4 1292 router#
As shown in the following example, to view only SIP and SIP-TLS traffic flows for IPv6 UDP port 5060 (hex value 0x13C4) and 5061 (hex value 0x13C5)use the show ipv6 flow cache | include SrcAddress|_11_.*(13C4|13C5)_ command to display the related NetFlow records:
UDP Flows
router#show ip cache flow | include SrcIf|_11_.*(13C4|13C5)_ SrcAddress InpIf DstAddress OutIf Prot SrcPrt DstPrt Packets 2001:DB...06::201 Gi0/0 2001:DB...28::20 Local 0x11 0x180A 0x13C5 3456 2001:DB...06::201 Gi0/0 2001:DB...28::20 Local 0x11 0x18C4 0x13C4 4567K routter#
To protect the network from traffic that enters the network at ingress access points, which may include Internet connection points, partner and supplier connection points, or VPN connection points, administrators are advised to deploy tACLs to perform policy enforcement. Administrators can construct a tACL by explicitly permitting only authorized traffic to enter the network at ingress access points or permitting authorized traffic to transit the network in accordance with existing security policies and configurations. A tACL workaround cannot provide complete protection against these vulnerabilities when the attack originates from a trusted source address.
The tACL policy denies unauthorized SIP, SAF, and SIP-TLS packets on TCP and UDP ports 5060 and 5061 that are sent to affected devices. In the following example, 192.168.60.0/24 and 2001:DB8:1:60::/64 is the IPv4 and IPv6 address space, respectively, that is used by the affected devices, and the host at 192.168.100.1 (2001:DB8:1:100::1) is considered a trusted source that requires access to the affected devices. Care should be taken to allow required traffic for routing and administrative access prior to denying all unauthorized traffic.
Additional information about tACLs is in Transit Access Control Lists: Filtering at Your Edge.
! !-- Include explicit permit statements for trusted sources !-- that require access on the vulnerable protocols and ports ! access-list tACL-Policy extended permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5060 access-list tACL-Policy extended permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5061 access-list tACL-Policy extended permit udp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5060 access-list tACL-Policy extended permit udp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5061 access-list tACL-Policy extended permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5050 access-list tACL-Policy extended permit tcp host 192.168.100.1 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5620 ! !-- The following vulnerability-specific access control entries !-- (ACEs) can aid in identification of attacks ! access-list tACL-Policy extended deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5060 access-list tACL-Policy extended deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5061 access-list tACL-Policy extended deny udp any 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5060 access-list tACL-Policy extended deny udp any 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5061 access-list tACL-Policy extended deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5050 access-list tACL-Policy extended deny tcp any 192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5620 ! !-- Permit or deny all other Layer 3 and Layer 4 traffic in accordance !-- with existing security policies and configurations ! !-- Explicit deny for all other IP traffic ! access-list tACL-Policy extended deny ip any any ! !-- Include explicit permit statements for trusted sources !-- that require access on the vulnerable protocols and ports ! ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy permit tcp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5060 ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy permit tcp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5061 ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy permit udp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5060 ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy permit udp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5061 ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy permit tcp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5050 ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy permit tcp host 2001:DB8:1:100::1 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5620 ! !-- The following vulnerability-specific access control entries !-- (ACEs) can aid in identification of attacks ! ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy deny tcp any 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5060 ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy deny tcp any 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5061 ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy deny udp any 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5060 ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy deny udp any 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5061 ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy deny tcp any 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5050 ipv6 access-list IPv6-tACL-Policy deny tcp any 2001:db8:1:60::/64 eq 5620 ! !-- Permit/deny all other Layer 3 and Layer 4 traffic in accordance !-- with existing security policies and configurations ! !-- Explicit deny for all other IP traffic ! ipv6 access-list IPv6-Transit-ACL-Policy deny ip any any ! !-- Apply tACLs to interfaces in the ingress direction ! access-group tACL-Policy in interface outside access-group IPv6-Transit-ACL-Policy in interface outside
The vulnerabilities that are described in this document can be exploited by spoofed IP packets. Administrators can deploy and configure Unicast RPF as a protection mechanism against spoofing.
Unicast RPF is configured at the interface level and can detect and drop packets that lack a verifiable source IP address. Administrators should not rely on Unicast RPF to provide complete spoofing protection because spoofed packets may enter the network through a Unicast RPF-enabled interface if an appropriate return route to the source IP address exists. In an enterprise environment, Unicast RPF might be enabled at the Internet edge and at the internal access layer on the user-supporting Layer 3 interfaces.
For additional information about the configuration and use of Unicast RPF, reference the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference for ip verify reverse-path and the Understanding Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding Applied Intelligence white paper.
The TCP normalization feature identifies abnormal packets that the security appliance can act on when they are detected; for example, the security appliance can allow, drop, or clear the packets. The TCP normalizer includes non-configurable actions and configurable actions. Typically, non-configurable actions that drop or clear connections apply to packets that are considered malicious. TCP Normalization is available beginning in software release 7.0(1) for the Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance and in software release 3.1(1) for the Firewall Services Module.
TCP normalization is enabled by default and drops packets that may exploit these vulnerabilities. Protection against packets that may exploit these vulnerabilities is a non-configurable TCP normalization action no configuration changes are required to enable this functionality.
The TCP normalization feature can be used to limit the concurrent connection limit and idle timeout for TCP connections to the Cisco Unified Communications Manager, thus preventing the DoS condition. The limits should be configured according to the maximum normal number of connections observed toward the Cisco Unified Communications Manager. The reader should note that configuring the TCP normalizer to prevent an abnormal number of connections to the Cisco Unified Communications Manager will not prevent a persistent attacker from exhausting the allowed number of connections but it will prevent the Cisco Unified Communications Manager from running out of memory due to many idle connections.
Note: Care should be taken with the limits set in each environments as they could deny legitimate connections if they are not set to adhere to the legitimate maximum limits for the specific environment.
In the following example, 192.168.60.200/24 is the IP address of the affected device. The configuration limits the TCP concurrent connections to the device to 1000 and sets the connection idle timeout to 30 minutes. Care should be taken with the limits set in each environments as they could deny legitimate connections if they are not set to adhere to the normal maximum limits for the specific environment.
! !-- Match TCP traffic to the Cisco Unified Communications Manager ! access-list CVE-2011-2560-acl extended permit tcp any host 192.168.60.200 class-map CVE-2011-2560-cm match access-list CVE-2011-2560-acl ! !-- Configure the connection limits for TCP !-- traffic to the Cisco Unified Communications Manager ! policy-map global_policy class CVE-2011-2560-cm set connection conn-max 1000 set connection timeout idle 0:30:00 service-policy global_policy global
Additional information about TCP Normalization is in the Configuring TCP Normalization section of the Cisco ASA 5500 Series Configuration Guide using the CLI, 8.2.
After the tACL has been applied to an interface, administrators can use the show access-list command to identify the number of SIP and SIP-TLS packets on TCP and UDP ports 5060 and 5061 that have been filtered. Administrators are advised to investigate filtered packets to determine whether they are attempts to exploit these vulnerabilities. Example output for show access-list tACL-Policy follows:
firewall#show access-list tACL-Policy
access-list tACL-Policy; 9 elements
access-list tACL-Policy line 1 extended permit tcp host 192.168.100.1
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq sip (hitcnt=34)
access-list tACL-Policy line 2 extended permit tcp host 192.168.100.1
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5061 (hitcnt=24)
access-list tACL-Policy line 3 extended permit udp host 192.168.100.1
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq sip (hitcnt=4)
access-list tACL-Policy line 4 extended permit udp host 192.168.100.1
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5061 (hitcnt=2)
access-list tACL-Policy line 5 extended permit tcp host 192.168.100.1
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq sip (hitcnt=44)
access-list tACL-Policy line 6 extended permit tcp host 192.168.100.1
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5061 (hitcnt=61)
access-list tACL-Policy line 7 extended deny tcp any
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq sip (hitcnt=5)
access-list tACL-Policy line 8 extended deny tcp any
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5061 (hitcnt=2)
access-list tACL-Policy line 9 extended deny udp any
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq sip (hitcnt=7)
access-list tACL-Policy line 10 extended deny udp any
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5061 (hitcnt=4)
access-list tACL-Policy line 11 extended deny tcp any
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5050 (hitcnt=6)
access-list tACL-Policy line 12 extended deny tcp any
192.168.60.0 255.255.255.0 eq 5620 (hitcnt=1)
access-list tACL-Policy line 13 extended deny ip any any (hitcnt=8)
firewall#
In the preceding example, access list tACL-Policy has dropped the following packets received from an untrusted host or network:
The corresponding outputis for IPv6 tACLs is very similar and will be omitted here for brevity.
Firewall syslog message 106023 will be generated for packets denied by an access control entry (ACE) that does not have the log keyword present. Additional information about this syslog message is in Cisco ASA 5500 Series System Log Message, 8.2 - 106023.
Information about configuring syslog for the Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance is in Monitoring - Configuring Logging. Information about configuring syslog on the FWSM for Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series switches and Cisco 7600 Series routers is in Monitoring the Firewall Services Module.
In the following example, the show logging | grep regex command extracts syslog messages from the logging buffer on the firewall. These messages provide additional information about denied packets that could indicate potential attempts to exploit the vulnerabilities that are described in this document. It is possible to use different regular expressions with the grep keyword to search for specific data in the logged messages.
Additional information about regular expression syntax is in Creating a Regular Expression.
firewall#show logging | grep 106023
Aug 28 2011 00:15:13: %ASA-4-106023: Deny tcp src outside:192.0.2.18/2924
dst inside:192.168.60.191/sip by access-group "tACL-Policy"
Aug 28 2011 00:15:13: %ASA-4-106023: Deny tcp src outside:192.0.2.200/2945
dst inside:192.168.60.33/5061 by access-group "tACL-Policy"
Aug 24 2011 00:15:13: %ASA-4-106023: Deny udp src outside:192.0.2.19/2934
dst inside:192.168.60.191/sip by access-group "tACL-Policy"
Aug 24 2011 00:15:13: %ASA-4-106023: Deny udp src outside:192.0.2.200/2945
dst inside:192.168.60.33/5061 by access-group "tACL-Policy"
Aug 24 2011 00:15:13: %ASA-4-106023: Deny tcp src outside:192.0.2.18/3961
dst inside:192.168.60.197/5050 by access-group "tACL-Policy"
Aug 24 2011 00:15:13: %ASA-4-106023: Deny tcp src outside:192.0.2.201/2939
dst inside:192.168.60.185/5620 by access-group "tACL-Policy"
firewall#
In the preceding example, the messages logged for the tACL tACL-Policy show potentially spoofed SIP and SIP-TLS packets for TCP and UDP ports 5060 and 5061 sent to the address block assigned to affected devices.
Additional information about syslog messages for ASA security appliances is in Cisco ASA 5500 Series System Log Messages, 8.2. Additional information about syslog messages for the FWSM is in Catalyst 6500 Series Switch and Cisco 7600 Series Router Firewall Services Module Logging System Log Messages.
For additional information about investigating incidents using syslog events, reference the Identifying Incidents Using Firewall and IOS Router Syslog Events Applied Intelligence white paper.
Firewall syslog message 106021 will be generated for packets denied by Unicast RPF. Additional information about this syslog message is in Cisco ASA 5500 Series System Log Message, 8.2 - 106021.
Information about configuring syslog for the Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance is in Monitoring - Configuring Logging. Information about configuring syslog on the FWSM for Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series switches and Cisco 7600 Series routers is in Monitoring the Firewall Services Module.
In the following example, the show logging | grep regex command extracts syslog messages from the logging buffer on the firewall. These messages provide additional information about denied packets that could indicate potential attempts to exploit the vulnerabilities that are described in this document. It is possible to use different regular expressions with the grep keyword to search for specific data in the logged messages.
Additional information about regular expression syntax is in Creating a Regular Expression.
firewall#show logging | grep 106021
Aug 24 2010 00:15:13: %ASA-1-106021: Deny UDP reverse path check from
192.168.60.1 to 192.168.60.100 on interface outside
Aug 24 2010 00:15:13: %ASA-1-106021: Deny UDP reverse path check from
192.168.60.1 to 192.168.60.100 on interface outside
Aug 24 2010 00:15:13: %ASA-1-106021: Deny TCP reverse path check from
192.168.60.1 to 192.168.60.100 on interface outside
The show asp drop command can also identify the number of packets that the Unicast RPF feature has dropped, as shown in the following example:
firewall#show asp drop frame rpf-violated Reverse-path verify failed 11 firewall#
In the preceding example, Unicast RPF has dropped 11 IP packets received on interfaces with Unicast RPF configured. Absence of output indicates that the Unicast RPF feature on the firewall has not dropped packets.
For additional information about debugging accelerated security path dropped packets or connections, reference the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference for show asp drop.
For the Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance the show service-policy command can identify the number of packets that the TCP normalization feature has dropped, as shown in the following example:
firewall# show service-policy set connection detail
Global policy:
Service-policy: global_policy
Class-map: CVE-2011-2560-cm
Set connection policy: conn-max 1000
current conns 15, drop 5
Set connection timeout policy:
idle 0:30:00
DCD: disabled, retry-interval 0:00:15, max-retries 5
DCD: client-probe 0, server-probe 0, conn-expiration 0 11
firewall#
In the preceding example, TCP normalization has dropped 5 new connections that exceeded the connection limit.
TCP normalization is a Layer 4 feature that consists of a series of checks that the Cisco ACE performs at various stages of a flow, beginning with the initial connection setup through the closing of a connection. Many of the segment checks can be controlled or altered by configuring one or more advanced TCP connection settings. The ACE uses these TCP connection settings to decide which checks to perform and whether to discard a TCP segment based on the results of the checks. The ACE discards segments that appear to be abnormal or malformed.
TCP normalization is enabled by default and drops packets that may exploit these vulnerabilities. Protection against packets that may exploit these vulnerabilities is a non-configurable TCP normalization action; no configuration changes are required to enable this functionality.
The TCP normalization feature can be used to limit the concurrent connection limit, connection rate and idle timeout for TCP connections to the Cisco Unified Communications Manager, thus preventing the DoS condition. The limits should be configured according to the maximum normal number and rate of connections observed toward the Cisco Unified Communications Manager. The reader should note that configuring the TCP normalizer to prevent an abnormal number of connections to the Cisco Unified Communications Manager will not prevent a persistent attacker from exhausting the allowed number of connections but it will prevent the Cisco Unified Communications Manager from running out of memory due to many idle connections.
Note: Care should be taken with the limits set in each environments as they could deny legitimate connections if they are not set to adhere to the legitimate maximum limits for the specific environment.
In the following example, 192.168.60.200/24 is the IP address of the affected device. The configuration limits the TCP concurrent connections to the device to 1000, the connection rate to 100000 connections per second and sets the connection idle timeout to 30 minutes.
! !-- Create a connection parameter map to group together TCP/IP !-- normalization and termination parameters ! parameter-map type connection CVE-2011-2560-parameter-map limit-resource conc-connections 1000 set timeout inactivity 1800 rate-limit connection 100000 ! !-- Match TCP traffic to the Cisco Unified Communications Manager ! class-map match-any CVE-2011-2560-cm match destination-address 192.168.60.200 ! !-- Configure the connection limits for TCP !-- traffic to the Cisco Unified Communications Manager ! policy-map multi-match CVE-2011-2560_policy class CVE-2011-2560-cm connection advanced-options CVE-2011-2560-parameter-map ! !-- Apply the policy to the interface ! interface vlan 50 service-policy input CVE-2011-2560_policy
Additional information about TCP Normalization is in the Configuring TCP/IP Normalization and IP Reassembly Parameters section of the Cisco ACE 4700 Series Appliance Security Configuration Guide.
The Cisco ACE Application Control Engine Appliance and Module does not provide show command output for packets dropped while attempting to exploit these vulnerabilities.
Administrators can use Cisco Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) appliances and services modules to provide threat detection and help prevent attempts to exploit one of the vulnerabilities that are described in this document. Beginning with signature update S590 for sensors running Cisco IPS version 6.x and greater, the vulnerability can be detected by signature 38386/0(Signature Name: Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Denial Of Service). Signature 38386/0 is enabled by default, triggers a Medium severity event, has a signature fidelity rating (SFR) of 15, and is configured with a default event action ofProduce Alert.
Signature 38386/0 fires when specific malicious packets sent using TCP port 5620 are detected. Firing of this signature may indicate a potential exploit of these vulnerabilities.
Administrators can configure Cisco IPS sensors to perform an event action when an attack is detected. The configured event action performs preventive or deterrent controls to help protect against an attack that is attempting to exploit the vulnerabilities that are described in this document.
Exploits that use spoofed IP addresses may cause a configured event action to inadvertently deny traffic from trusted sources.
Cisco IPS sensors are most effective when deployed in inline protection mode combined with the use of an event action. Automatic Threat Prevention for Cisco IPS 6.x and greater sensors that are deployed in inline protection mode provides threat prevention against an attack that is attempting to exploit the vulnerabilities that are described in this document. Threat prevention is achieved through a default override that performs an event action for triggered signatures with a riskRatingValue greater than 90.
For additional information about the risk rating and threat rating calculation, reference Risk Rating and Threat Rating: Simplify IPS Policy Management.
The Cisco Security Monitoring, Analysis, and Response System (Cisco Security MARS) appliance can create incidents regarding events that are related to the vulnerabilities that are described in this document using IPS signature 38386/0 (Signature Name: Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Denial Of Service). After the S590 dynamic signature update has been downloaded, using keyword NR-38386/0 for IPS signature 38386/0 and a query type of < All Matching Events | All Matching Event Raw Messages> on the Cisco Security MARS appliance will provide a report that lists the incidents created by the IPS signature.
Beginning with the 4.3.1 and 5.3.1 releases of Cisco Security MARS appliances, support for the Cisco IPS dynamic signature updates feature has been added. This feature downloads new signatures from Cisco.com or from a local web server, correctly processes and categorizes received events that match those signatures, and includes them in inspection rules and reports. These updates provide event normalization and event group mapping, and they also enable the MARS appliance to parse new signatures from the IPS devices.
Caution: If dynamic signature updates are not configured, events that match these new signatures appear as unknown event type in queries and reports. Because MARS will not include these events in inspection rules, incidents may not be created for potential threats or attacks that occur within the network.
By default, this feature is enabled but requires configuration. If it is not configured, the following Cisco Security MARS rule will be triggered:
System Rule: CS-MARS IPS Signature Update Failure
When this feature is enabled and configured, administrators can determine the current signature version downloaded by MARS by selecting Help > Aboutand reviewing the IPS Signature Version value.
Additional information about dynamic signature updates and instructions for configuring dynamic signature updates are available for the Cisco Security MARS 4.3.1 and 5.3.1 releases.
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Revision 1.1 |
2011-November-2 |
Corrected document URL |
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Revision 1.0 |
2011-August-24 |
Initial public release |
Complete information on reporting security vulnerabilities in Cisco products, obtaining assistance with security incidents, and registering to receive security information from Cisco, is available on Cisco's worldwide website at https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/resources/security_vulnerability_policy.html. This includes instructions for press inquiries regarding Cisco security notices. All Cisco security advisories are available at http://www.cisco.com/go/psirt.